Investigate how PH affects the ability of raw meat to absorb water – Plan

I am planning an experiment to investigate how PH affects the ability of raw meat to absorb water. * Independent Variable The independent variable for this experiment is the PH of the solution the steak is marinated in. I will achieve a range of different PH values by using buffers set at PH 1, 3, 5, 7, 9. I predict that there will be an optimum PH where the steak will absorb the most water. The amount of water absorbed by the raw meat will increase as you increase the PH up to the optimum and then decrease the PH as the PH increases past the optimum. * Dependent Variable The dependent variable for this experiment is the amount of water absorbed by the diced steak by process of osmosis. I will record this by recording the mass before and the mass after marination. From these results I can calculate the percentage change in mass so that I can compare the different results with each other. I will calculate the percentage change by : Change x 100 Original * Controlled Variables The main control variables for this experiment are : Each of the 5 buffer solutions should have the same volume of 50ml and the same concentration. If one beaker had more than another then there would be more solution to act on the meat therefore tenderising it more. This could alter the end percentage change in mass. The mass of the diced steak before marination needs to be controlled. A larger mass could potentially absorb and store more water. I will try to get as similar masses as possible to avoid any differences in weight. Instead of calculating the difference in mass, I will calculate percentage change in mass to account for any small differences in mass. Also a constant surface area of the diced steak is important, otherwise there would be a larger area for the solution to act on causing more tenderisation therefore altering the overall results. The temperature at which the meat is marinated at would need to remain constant. At a higher temperature, molecules are moving faster therefore osmosis is more likely to occur. The experiment will be conducted at room temperature, although a more scientific method would be the use of an incubator. I will conduct the experiment in the same place so that each test is experiencing the same temperature changes. The time allowed for marination, each steak should be in the buffer solution for 12 hours all getting the same length of time otherwise a longer time could provide an opportunity for more water to be absorbed. Drying of the steak pieces, dab twice on each side. If some are dabbed more than the other it would alter the end percentage change in mass. * Method ? Divide the diced steak into five equally sized piles. ? Using electronic scales weigh each pile to make the masses as similar as possible. Record the masses. ? Add 50ml of buffer solution PH1 to a beaker and repeat the process for the other buffer solutions. ? Put one set of diced steak into each beaker. ? Leave the 5 beakers for 12hours allowing the raw meat to marinate. ? Remove the dices from the solution and pat dry before weighing. ? Record the mass of each pile and calculate the percentage change in mass by using formula : Change x 100 Original ? Repeat the experiment 3 times to ensure an accurate set of results. ? Plot a graph of PH against percentage change in mass.

Close Critical Analysis of Mrs Midas Essay

In Mrs Midas, Carol Ann Duffy takes the well-known story of King Midas from Ancient Greek mythology and places it in a modern context from the wife’s perspective. Originally, the story is about King Midas and the power he possesses that turns everything he touches into gold, which leads him to ultimately realise that wealth alone can’t make him happy – even unlimited gold. The moral of the King Midas story is that you can’t buy happiness, and also to be careful what you wish for as greed is sure to overcome you. This is where the present day expression ‘The Midas Touch’ derives from; meaning everything a person does is successful and profitable – as everything in modern society seems to be money orientated. Duffy implies another meaning to the story of King Midas as in ‘Mrs Midas’, Midas is portrayed as the modern day working man who neglects his wife for success and wealth – also reflecting the increasing number of couples having a divorces nowadays. The underlying theme of the poem is about the husband’s selfishness destroying marriage as men are associated with becoming too involved in work so neglect their wives/families. â€Å"He toyed with his spoon, then mine, then with the knives, the forks† the list of objects that he’s turning into gold illustrates the obsession men have with making money out of continuous successes they have; like Midas’ greed it seems addictive as they keep wanting more and more. ‘Toyed’ implies that he’s enjoying it; he enjoys being the alleged ‘money-maker’ so sees no harm in what he’s doing. It’s a flirtatious reference as if he’s using his male sexuality to get round his wife; this also may reflect how ambitious and prosperous men are perceived as more attractive by women (dependency so ensures security). Midas’ selfishness is highlighted when his wife describes her dream: â€Å"I dreamt I bore his child†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she can only dream of having his children as the reality is she’ll never be able to. It’s ironic how a wife’s ordinary dream of having a child can’t come true when her husband’s senseless dream of turning everything into gold does – Duffy contrasts men’s lust for materialism with women’s needs for simple things such as family. His selfishness is emphasised as because of his foolish actions, his wife won’t be able to accomplish these simple things – he’s already attained many successes it seems yet he’s asking for more. â€Å"My dream-milk burned in my breasts† milk that should be there is left unused so is causing her pain as she’s never going to feed this child, there’s also a sense of longing from her unfulfilled aspirations of motherhood. She’s never going to experience having a family (with Midas), which all married couples deserve to do. Following on from his endless desires, â€Å"But who has wishes granted? Him.† displays how no one actually has their wishes come true; only Midas could make this happen. The livid tone in which this is said suggests that he’s always had a greedy nature; the full stop stressing the bluntness of it as if, actually, she’s not so surprised that he was capable of doing such a thing. Her husband didn’t even consider her when he made the wish; he was that selfish he couldn’t stop to think about how this would impact of his wife. Perhaps this is imitating how in reality, men don’t always feel the need to consult their wives before making a decision as they feel in charge – ‘wearing the trousers’ in the relationship means that what they say, goes. The reader knows that the couple were in love, but Mrs Midas now fears her husband because of his power. â€Å"We were passionate then, in those halcyon days† implies that they did love each other, ‘halcyon’ suggesting that it may’ve been exciting young love as it was an early idyllic stage of their relationship; nevertheless they were in love which is now questionable since she’s afraid of him. â€Å"Near petrified/now I feared his honeyed embrace† portrays how Midas has subconsciously turned himself into something else – a monster – and as a result his wife is frightened of him and what he could do to her. â€Å"Honeyed embrace† sounds comforting – a soothing hug that’ll ensure everything’s alright, but really it means something completely different; it’s this embrace that will turn her into one of his gold pieces – end her life – so now she fears him more than anything. This poem very much seems to depict men as having dominating power over women. When Midas â€Å"sat in that chair like a king on a burnished throne† his status is represented as ‘man of the house’, putting him in light of the original King Midas. â€Å"Burnished† proposes that it isn’t any old throne but one polished to perfection, again signifying the lust men have towards a materialistic lifestyle. Mrs Midas feels confused therefore helpless, â€Å"what in the name of God is going on? He started to laugh.† displays Midas taking advantage of her ignorance, enjoying the new power he possesses. â€Å"Laugh† suggests that he’s pleased with himself and doesn’t really care about the consequences of what he’s done. Woman being under the influence of male dominance is shown through Mrs Midas’ obedience and ordinary lifestyle. â€Å"He asked where was the wine. I poured with a shaking hand† she’s acting the stereotypical wife who stays at home obeying the husband’s orders. The clichà © of women being the usual housewife is therefore present as well: â€Å"The vegetables cooked/I served up the meal† implies she does the cooking for them on a regular basis, as this is part of her daily routine. This is mirrored by the clear structure of stanzas, indicating the ordinary and boring life she’d had; the structure’s fixed and predictable. The absence of success for the wife also displays how women aren’t expected to work and achieve things for themselves. However, there is a slight suggestion to women maintaining some sort of power too. The whole aspect of the wife leaving the husband puts women into a different light, proving that Midas doesn’t control everything Mrs Midas does. â€Å"So he had to move out†, she’s made the final decision and he listened to her, he also ‘sat in the back’ of car which illustrates his decline in status from sitting on a ‘burnished throne’. She leaves him, â€Å"I sold the contents of the house and came down here† indicates that she’s taken a stand and even made money from it; the only achievement it seems that Mrs Midas has attained, is as a result of breaking up with her husband. This emulates how women don’t need to depend on men for success; they are capable of being independent and earning a living for themselves. Overall, still it seems that males possess overriding power over females. Despite Mrs Midas leaving Midas, it was fundamentally him who caused the marriage to end. She felt incompetent because of his power, so knew it was crucial to get away from him. At the end of the poem Mrs Midas admits that she misses him, revealing he still has a hold on her emotionally. â€Å"I miss most, even now†¦his touch.† implies she misses his humanity and what they would’ve taken for granted before – the physical side to their relationship, and of course with that the love they shared. Perhaps this reflects another negative stereotype of women where they’re seen as being too emotionally attached: Mrs Midas seems to be in love with Midas ‘even now’ – despite everything and him turning into a foolish, greedy ‘monster’. She doesn’t care for the golden ‘Midas touch’ that destroyed their love (which ironically is a positive association), but the true human Midas touch that loved her in return.

Chapter 2 summary of Understanding Comic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 2 summary of Understanding Comic - Essay Example Scott made use of this instance to show one of the numerous uses of icons, or images used to characterize a person, thing, place or idea. In this chapter the writer describes that there are three different kinds of icons which are Symbols, including peace symbols, party logos, and the similar, are one type. The letters of the alphabets and mathematical operators and numeric are the second type. The third and the last type of icons are the pictures which are the images designed to actually look like their subjects. The writer looks in detail at the conception of the artistic types that are Language, realistic art and icons and symbols, and the standards behinds these forms. The writer explains that there is a big variation between realism and abstraction, and this chapter explains how the more abstract art of cartoons can often let for a improved expression of standards than to their basic form and focus on only significant details. This basic form also allows a wide categorization of their images, letting more people to willingly understand them and to see themselves in the artwork, explaining why people have such an association with cartoons particularly at a young age. The writer also looks at a number of comics and their creative merit on a degree between ‘reality, sense and the picture plain’ and how diverse position on this scale can create an range of meanings to different people. In the same way, we took a look on how different types of animations or artworks are used in a variety of customs to impact on their audience in definite ways. For example, how Disney would use big eyes and other attractive features on little Simba in the Lion King movie to appeal to the younger audience, or how Japanese manga will use colorful face alterations in an extremely abstract form to appeal to the funny side of the Japanese youths. Fundamentally, the focus of the writer in this chapter was to detail how comics use the

Distinction between Crimes against Humanity and 'Cultural Genocide' Essay

Distinction between Crimes against Humanity and 'Cultural Genocide' - Essay Example However, there are some treaties that do not qualify to be expressions of customary law in situation where they have not be assimilated or complied with by countries that are considered civilized; thus, some customary law are not integrated in these treaties. Definition of Cultural Genocide (Article II of the Genocide Convention) Genocide has been encapsulated in the Genocide Convention of 1948, thereby undertaking an insufferable ratification for years; in fact it has been textually static. Genocide is not classified under national criminal codes; thus it is an international crime that is subjected to periodic re-evaluation and codification based on objectives of developing an integrated body of law. According to The Genocide Convention of 1948, Cultural Genocide is considered a form of crime that involves intention to obliterate entire or a section of racial, religious, or ethnic group. Moreover, this is a common of the five selected crimes, which are accomplished through a war. Ne vertheless, there have been precisions regarding definitional expectations of Conventions, which were provoked during debate when this Convention was being drafted among other ratifications that were involved. Definition of Cultural Genocide (Article VI of the Rome Statute) Article IV of the Rome Statue considers Genocide to be a means of committing acts, which are aimed at destroying a whole or section of national ethnical, racial, or religious group, and moreover, it specifies by indicating, this also entails murdering members of a certain group, causing serious physical or psychological harm to these members, or inflicting conditions that are considered physically destructive to a group of people. There are elements of the international Criminal Court (ICC) that add other requirements of genocide acts committed in the context of a manifested trend, which resembles this conduct being direct against a given group. Moreover, this involves behaviours, which is deemed to have effect t hat can cause destruction of a given group. Definition of Crime against Humanity (Article VII of the Rome Statute) Article VII of the Rome Statue defines crime against humanity is a perspective that considers it to be an attack on a territory that is very large to be considered â€Å"widespread†. In this case, the Rome Statue defines crime against humanity as â€Å"an attack or a course of conduct that involves multiple commissions of specific acts against a civilian population, who is a pursuant or in furtherance of a country or organized policy to undertake this attack†. Therefore, this statue considers the fact that crime against cannot be perpetrated by a single person by himself or herself, without involvement of a campaign against civilians2. On the other hand, the Article VII of the Rome Statue has recently added a list of crime against humanity, which entails deportation, extermination, forcible displacement of a population within a given country, incarceration , afflict, rape, enforcement of people to engage in activities such as sex slavery, prostitution. Other acts that have recently been considered crime against humanity include enforced pregnancy, enforced sterilization, and other acts, which count to be forms of sexual violence. Besides, persecuting against people of a certain political, racial, ethnic, cultural, gender, national or religious group is also considered a crime against hum

Code-switching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Code-switching - Essay Example ssrooms, previous studies in code-switching have failed to try and focus on the various factors that are seen to affect the bilingual international students that are striving to try and learn English in universities. The data collected in the study was able to show that the primary factor that influences code switching among students in foreign language classrooms is a general incompetence in the second language. The study was able to find that students would often code-switch when they did not know the appropriate English word that would adequately convey their meaning. Bista (2010) was also able to identify a number of other secondary reasons as to why students often used code-switching in the classroom, these include; an attempt by the students to maintain privacy while conversing with other students from their home countries, to help in avoiding any misunderstanding as well as in the event that the students happen to be unfamiliar with the correct English word that can accurately convey the information they wish to pass across. At the end the journal article, Bista (2010) argues that code-switching can prove to be an extremely useful strategy in improving classroom interaction and can even increase the degree of English competency if it is not used excessively. Bista, K. (2010). Factors of Code Switching among Bilingual English Students in the University Classroom: A Survey.  Online Submission,  9(29), 1-19. Retrieved from

MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MARKETING - Essay Example Market trends, market environment analysis, competitor analysis has conducted to understan the market situation. Based on these analysis a SWOT analysis on Grameenphone (GP) has done. And to the end some recommendation has given with indicating the appropriate strategy. Access to the Internet is creating a new distinction in society. Those who have access to the Internet have access to all kinds of information. This puts them into an advantageous position in society, vis-Ã  -vis others who do not have such access. Internet access is built upon the basic telecom network. While the telecom infrastructure in advanced countries is well developed, allowing them to move rapidly towards universal telecom and Internet access, the infrastructure in Bangladesh is very poor and inadequate. Like other developing countries, Bangladesh is facing the question of how best to develop its telecommunications and information infrastructure to provide access to "advanced" telecommunications and information services in order to remain competitive in the world of information technology. There is a tremendous amount of potential for growth in areas like fixed wireless networks, optical fiber networks, cable networks, Internet telephony, etc. (to name a few) in Bangladesh . This paper addresses the concerns and prospects of growth in telecommunication infrastructure in Bangladesh. Bangladesh, future targets and methods of attracting finance. The sector, particularly which of mobile phones, is one of the fastest growing areas of the economy. The growth potentials will continue to remain robust for the foreseeable future. The existing Cellular phone companies in Bangladesh are CityCell (Pacific Bangladesh Telecom Limited), GrameenPhone Ltd., AkTel Ltd., Banglalink and TeleTalk. Among these company GrameenPhone, AkTel, Banglalink and TeleTalk adopted GSM technology and

Obesity in Minority Children Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity in Minority Children - Term Paper Example The paper â€Å"Obesity in Minority Children† discusses the issue of immigrant children who face the problem of obesity because they are exposed to a different lifestyle. Obesity puts adverse impact on the children who are fat as compared to other children of their age group. There exist some interventions, which nursing professionals can use to deal with the problem of obesity in minority children. Nursing professionals often deal with the cases of obesity in minority children. Interviews with some of the nursing professionals reveal that about 70 percent of the obese children did not use to do any physical exercise and just played video games for entrainment and watched television. Researches have proved that almost 55 percent of the obese children eat junk foods instead of eating fresh vegetables and fruits. The poor diet choice of such children increase the level of fat in the bodies of children making them overweight as compared to other children of their age who take bal anced diet daily. Nursing professionals can take some effective steps to deal with the problem of obesity in minority children. Some of the ways, which nurses can use, include creating awareness among children regarding use of fruits and vegetables instead of junk foods, stopping them from taking sugary drinks, promoting the importance of physical exercises among children, and making them adhere to the principles of good body mechanics. It is the role of the nurses to promote healthcare among children in order to prevent them from getting obese. Nurses can make parents aware of the healthy and nutritious diet, which they can give to their children. Nurses can also make parents aware of the necessity of physical exercises for their children. Nurses can advise the parents to engage their children in physical

M4a2 TEAM DEV AND LEADERSHIP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M4a2 TEAM DEV AND LEADERSHIP - Essay Example nal connections built over time between the team members, therefore passionate debates regarding more critical issues associated with the task at hand were replaced with veiled or irrelevant discussion about social issues among group membership. This created, in itself, a secondary type of dysfunction referred to by many scholars in academia and leadership philosophy as lack of commitment. Why is this? Because individuals in the group did not consider the development of conflict as being vital to producing a basket of opinion, it did not provide the group with the foundations for quality and relevant ideas about cognitive dysfunction. The social connections within the group put members into the position where individuals would, to save their in-group status, avoid debatable topics that would have enhanced the discussion and improved cognitive mapping. According to Lencioni (2002) dysfunction is introduced into teams where there is a strong social connection and members will seek what is referred to as artificial harmony rather than worthwhile debate or discussion. Katzenbach and Smith (1992) support this notion, suggesting that the conventional wisdom among in-group members, or where there are powerful, previous social connections, is to avoid conflict in pursuit of harmonious discussion not necessarily relevant to the actual, productive construction of conflict. This avoids the ability to create workable, differing opinions that somewhat flatten the quality of discussion toward the main goal assigned to the group. If left unchecked, Field (2009) iterates that it will become increasingly difficult to establish a sense of purpose for the group. The team will become further more indecisive due to the desire to continue with in-group discussion more relevant to the social environment rather than academia. In order to overcome indecisiveness, lack of group clarity about goals, and fear of conflict, it would be pertinent for the group leader to actually inspire

Midterm Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Midterm - Assignment Example Rene Descartes belief in this theory borrows heavily from epistemology and rationalism. Epistemology study’s scope of knowledge and nature. In line with the Descartes belief on existentialist, it is possible for him to doubt that he has two hands (Fairfield 211). In addition, that he is sitting on a chair reading words printed on paper and summation of two and three to make five. Firstly, there is no possible way to ascertain numbers either two hands or summation because there is no reason given why the hands cannot be four or three or summation cannot be seen. In other words, these are facts whose truth and falsehood cannot go beyond mere conviction. Besides, Descartes reasoning is based on the rejection of Universalism of facts and figures. In order to have the truth, there should be a way of testing the perceived truth. In relation to reading printed words in a paper, his school of thought on universal belief falsifiers, he is convinced that a chair, paper and body posture is Universalism. He says it holds no truth, nor false, he believe that individual opinion as he perceives and disagree with universal knowledge. There is no observation without involving mental processes. It is, therefore, substantially true that the objects we perceive with our eyes are the actual reflection of the mind processes. In other words, the inward perception of on how we see people, objects or what we feel about circumstances will determine our actions or inaction. Evidently, the mind frame the situation and external body execute a course of action based on the interpretation of the inner self. With this explanation, the theory holds truth in relating experiences to mind (Campbell 68). The empirical explanation in this case is that, the objects as they appear are neither material nor material. In addition, fear, sadness and physical description of an object or a person

Creative Thinking and Problem Solving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creative Thinking and Problem Solving - Essay Example tradictions or contraries, when in fact they are not, is the common fallacy of false dilemma--so called because the "dilemma," or hard choice between two options, is "false," because other options than the two offered are possible. This fallacy is also known as the "either-or fallacy" because it makes you think that your options are limited to either one or the other† (San Jose State University, n.d.). The proposed solution for one dilemma, particularly the one offering teachers only two choices: either to support the English only law or to leave their jobs are as follows: (1) to strictly adhere to the English only law, as indicated; (2) do not follow this law and suffer the consequences of losing their jobs; (3) if teachers lose their jobs due to non-conformity to the law, they could always seek possible remunerations as provided through the legal procedures citing violations of the Equal Employment Opportunities Law and civil rights violations. In this regard, they would real ize that this is a false dilemma and that there are other options besides the two that were

Automobile Air Pollution Essay Example for Free

Automobile Air Pollution Essay Efforts to improve the standard of living for humans, through the control of nature and the development of new products have also resulted in the pollution of the environment. Much of the worlds air, water, and land is now partially poisoned by pollution. Some places have become uninhabitable. This pollution exposes people all around the globe to new risks from disease. Many species of plants and animals have become endangered or are now extinct. The air pollution comes from lots of sources but the paper will be about air pollution cause by automobiles. As a result of tremendous amount of air pollution, primarily for automobile governments have passed laws to limit or reverse the threat of environmental pollution. There are lots of sources other than the automobile for air pollution. Nature itself is one of the causes. Sometime nature causes the air pollution by activities like a forest fire, volcanic, hurricane. These are temporary dislocations that nature balances and accommodates to modern economic development, however, sometimes disrupts natures delicate balance. The other source is from factories. Factories are release smokes and chemical in the air. In many places smoke from factories and cars combines with naturally occurring fog to form smog and create a midday sky. It had happened in London, London, England, has been subjected to the danger of smog, long recognized as a potential cause of death, especially for elderly persons and those with severe respiratory ailments (pollution). Transportation by car though, is the major source of air pollution. Early in the century human invented, internal combustion engine, engine that use fuel as gasoline or diesel. Those engines were used to manufacture an automobile for fast travel from one place to another. Because they were not much in use, those few cars were not enough to threat the environment. Those engines were not fast enough so mastermind humans invented bigger and faster engines and those take more fuel. When these engines burn fuels they introduce smoke and other, less visible, by products. Once they are released into the air, the products of incomplete combustion, particulate matter (soot, ash, and other solids), unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, various nitrogen oxides, ozone, and lead, undergo a series of chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight. The result is the dense haze characteristic of smog. Smog may appear brownish in color when it contains high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, or it may look blue-gray when it contains large amounts of ozone (Danger). The cumulative effect of air pollution poses a grave threat to humans and the environment. Smog causes number of children and elderly to die because children lungs are still developing, also they breath more rapidly than adults, and they play outdoor. Most elderly people loose the red cells that cause diseases to go out of control. That lead them to the development of chronic lung diseases. The costs of air pollution are enormous. The American Lung Association sites sulfur-dioxide exposure as the third leading cause of lung disease after active and passive smoking (Justification) Air pollution does not only cause health hazard but also cause acid rain to fall. Acid rain causes damage to structure or life. Plants and animal marine animal are most effected by acid rain. Acid rain or snow pollute the water and soil the major source for plants and marine species to survive. Acid rain or snow falls when sulfur dioxide emissions from exhaust of an internal combustion engine combine with particles of water in the atmosphere. In Canada, Scandinavia, and the northeastern United States, acid rain is blamed for the deaths of thousands of lakes and streams (Acid rain). Another new and troubling form of air pollution comes from a variety of chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons, also known as CFCs. For many years it was used by automobile industries. These chemicals were used in the air conditioning systems of the car. CFCs takes decade to get in the upper atmosphere but when it gets there it combines with other molecules. Then, by attaching themselves to molecules of ozone, CFCs transform and destroy the protective ozone layer. The result has been a sharp decline in the amount of ozone in the stratosphere. At ground level, ozone is a threat to our lungs, but in the upper atmosphere ozone works as a shield to protect against ultraviolet radiation from the sun (Ozone). If the ozone shield gets too thin or disappears, exposure to ultraviolet radiation can cause crop failures and the spread of epidemic diseases, skin cancer, and other disasters. The automobile has a big impact on over our environment. Today we have trillions of automobiles on the road. Each car produce smoke and chemicals that hazardous to our world. Sometimes people take that threat seriously and they try to find solution. It is necessary to burn fuel completely because unburn fuel release more chemicals than burned fuel. Most new cars have two oxygen sensors that monitor and control the burning of fuel (Toyota Eng. ). I think problem is that as oxygen sensors age, their warm-up response slows considerably. Even government says, The major cause of air pollution is the internal-combustion engine of automobiles. Gasoline is never completely burned in the engine of a car, just as coal is never completely burned in the furnace of a steel mill (EPA). Other than two oxygen sensors some engineers came up with electric. These cars are good for our environment because they do not use gasoline as fuel. Even they dont produce any smoke. It has some problem with it too like electric cars need to recharge more often and the are not fast enough. The other problem is that after while the batteries needs to replace. You imagine if trillion cars need to replace batteries than it will fill our safe chemical deposal sites in few years than we have more chemical waste in our environment. The solar cars are not that bad in the futuristic problems but cars arent fast enough. Air pollution has been the target of some of the most complicated and far-reaching legislation ever enacted. In 1970, the United States Congress passed legislation aimed at curbing sources of air pollution and setting standards for air quality. A few years later, Congress passed laws designed to phase out the use of lead as an additive in gasoline (EPA). That helped us because the level of lead in the average Americans bloodstream has declined. We still didnt do much about cause of acid rain and it is continually debated in North America and throughout Europe. In late 1987, more than 20 nations signed an agreement to limit the production of CFCs and to work toward their eventual elimination (EPA).

Overview of Celiac Disease and Gluten

Overview of Celiac Disease and Gluten WHATS IN YOUR WHEAT? BY AISHA ADIL Percolating deep into the abyss of gluten-related research studies, opinions and perspectives, and several news outlets, it is starting to seem that, despite the hype, gluten-free diets (GFD) may not necessarily be the answer to a healthy lifestyle. Although these diets are the only current nutritional treatment for gluten-sensitive patients, other treatment options are being speculated. But even outside of the scope of disease, the prominence of gluten-free diets in the general population is raising question marks about how hazardous gluten really is. It has only been about 10,000 years since wheat was introduced but it is only now that being gluten-free is apparently the path to a healthy life. Hence, questioning what is in your wheat invites the inquiry of gluten: what caused it to gain so much prominence and subsequently a downgrade in the past years? What else is involved besides gluten? It is surprising to realize that many gluten-sensitive individuals are subject to a combination of factors, rather than gluten alone, that give rise to their sensitivity. Many researchers are investigating other complex carbohydrates present in wheat with some even suggesting that these carbohydrates have a higher likelihood in causing intestinal distress than gluten. With several angles of research being conducted on the role of gluten in our lives, it is imperative that we evaluate the history of gluten over the years and our current knowledge to assess a question that is very simply-put but difficult to answer: is a gluten-free diet a healthy choice? The Underpinning of Civilizations and Celiac The discovery of seeds and domestication of crops cradled the development and flourishment of civilizations at the cost of celiac disease (CD), an illness triggered by the ingestion of gluten. Clinically, the existence of celiac disease dates back to 1888 but it was only a little less than a hundred years later in the 1950s that the consumption of wheat, barley, and rye were speculated as the cause of intestinal lesions. Gluten, the storage proteins that comprise much of our common sources of carbohydrates such as wheat, barley, and rye, was found to be at the center of inducing CD and later in time, non-celiac gluten sensitivity. While the latter disorder is a controversial matter in even being considered a medical condition, celiac disease patients show a hypersensitive reaction to gluten consumption. This autoimmune ailment, otherwise described as a condition that causes our bodys immune system to attack our own tissues, detracts individuals from proper nutrient absorption and sub jects them to abdominal pain, diarrhea, and swollen bellies. It can even reach the extent of destroying our intestinal villi, the brush-like surfaces of our small intestine. Recently, it has been found that CD arises when individuals, along with being exposed to gluten, have a genetic predisposition to CD, and, per Fasano and his colleagues nine years of research, a leaky gut; an unusually permeable intestinal membrane, that permits the entry of gliadins, undigested fragments of gluten. The immunology of Celiac Disease   Delving further into the pathophysiology of CD, the mechanisms underlying CD are more complicated than one might expect. CD patients harbor an inherited set of gene variants called histocompatibility leukocyte antigens (HLAs) that give rise to the hypersensitive reaction against gluten. 95% of celiac patients possess HLA-DQ2 and/or HLA-DQ8, proteins required for the primary establishment of CD. These proteins aid in developing an immune response in the face of microbial attacks. However, CD patients bodies secrete the tissue transglutaminase (TTG) that responds to and modifies ingested gluten proteins in a way that binds them with DQ2/8 proteins and initiates an immune response. Though this immune response should be protective, it unfortunately harms the intestinal cells and hinders the absorption of nutrients. We are not engineered to eat wheatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. gluten only came into the picture 10 000 years ago, with the advent of agriculture Alessio Fasano, University of Maryland School of Medicine The recent introduction of gluten perhaps explains why our body mounts an immune response against it it perceives gluten as a foreign invader such as a virus or a bacterium and activates the same defense as it does when an infection attacks our body. It therefore becomes tempting to propose that gluten should be eliminated from our diets completely but not so fast, says Fasano. Fasanos discovery of zonulin, a protein activated by gliadin in gluten and a capability of modifying the guts permeability, is seemingly a ray of hope. This protein is predictably what allows a leaky gut to occur, creating a loss of control as our intestine can no longer create a barrier against unwanted particles. However, zonulin is a controversial solution as clinical research and evidence on zonulin is scant. It is nonetheless suggested that zonulin modifies antigen traffic and may be involved in not only CD but in other, various immune diseases. Who knew gluten could cause controversy? Having gluten within the diet and experiencing gluten-sensitivity outside the context of celiac has also sparked controversies worldwide. This has been the case with Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity (NCGS), another syndrome in the spectrum of gluten-induced disorders that results in both extraintestinal and gastrointestinal symptoms due to gluten-withdrawal. This syndrome is however not new as reports dating back to the 1970s and 1980s provide evidence of patients experiencing wheat or gluten withdrawal in the absence of CD. NCGS main controversy today lies within its unavailable etiologic background or evidence such as biomarkers or histological abnormalities to support its existence. Another issue is that NCGS patients also report symptoms similar to those found in Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients (IBS). This is an area where personal experience and anecdote really trumps the medical evidence thats emerged Dr. Jason Tye-Din, gastroenterologist at Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Australia. Although this condition is raising conflicts between personal beliefs and medical advice, further research proposes that NCGS patients may be intolerant to other components of wheat such as FODMAPS and fructans rather than just gluten. FODMAPS, a group of sugars that are either poorly absorbed by the small intestine or completely indigestible, can be found in foods high in fructose such as apples and mangoes, dairy products, and fructans such as onions and garlic. Several studies such as Peter Gibsons and Biesikeierski and colleagues, in 2011, suggested that gluten is the culprit after all. Both well-designed studies subjected IBS patients to a gluten restriction challenge followed by a reintroduction of gluten. The results suggested that IBS patients do have NCGS given that they experienced stomach ailments when treated with gluten. These studies were however, criticized for their small numbers of participants and limited statistical evidence. Further well-designed and more detail-o riented studies in 2013 revealed that NCGS patients did not experience symptoms from gluten but rather with a FODMAPs diet. Accordingly, it seems that a FODMAPs-free diet is more effective but also more complicated than a gluten-free diet. Studies from 2011 have also convinced millions of people that being gluten-free makes them feel better. Research on FODMAPs however, does not have enough data to provide a definitive answer either; most of it is unclear or preliminary. Many studies are currently underway and will require time before a conclusive answer is available. Going Gluten-Free Conversely, with an increasingly growing belief that gluten-free diets are healthier, there is an increased consumption and demand for gluten-free foods in the market. Food companies are using the common perceptions that gluten-free products are healthier to advertise their products as such and that too, at an elevated price. These products may even be nutrient-poor and miscellaneous about their sugar, salt, and saturated fat composition. Economic markets respond to meet the growing demand hence it is no surprise to Catherine Cross, a writer of the Canadian Medical Association Journal, that gluten-free stamps are appearing more frequently on both healthy and unhealthy products. This therefore leads us to question whether the gluten-free products we buy are actually healthy. Besides our deep percolation of the pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms of wheat components and their effects on gluten-induced disorders, answering this question involves additional enquiry into the markets ex pansion of gluten-free products. After investigating and comparing the nutritional quality of 3213 gluten-free and non-gluten free products across 10 food categories, Wu and his colleagues in 2015 deduced that gluten-free products have, on average, lower protein levels, and an overall poor quality due to a high composition of sugar, salt, and saturated fats. Cross delved further into this matter suggesting that conventional gluten-free flours such as potato, rice, tapioca, and sorghum contain more calories and carbohydrates, and are also unfortified, an absence of intentionally increased essential micronutrients. Put differently, there is a large body of evidence suggesting that being gluten-free is not always healthier given the substitution of fat and sugar to compensate for the absence of gluten. However, further insight into whether this gluten-free diet is a better option can be better understood from CD patients bound to this diet. Groups of researchers including Lee and colleagues, and Singh Whelan all present similar data and conclusions of the limited availability of gluten-free products in parts of the US and in London, UK as well as their increased price compared to standard counterparts. Furthermore, Nascimento and colleagues in 2014 percolated consumer perceptions and suggestions of celiac consumers in Brazils Santa Catarina, and found that along with low availability and high prices, individuals experienced poor palatability and social life restrictions leading to hindrances in adhering to the gluten-free diet, and overall dissatisfaction with employing the diet. Other studies, such as Hallert and colleagues also suggest higher levels of nutritional deficiencies, especially of fibre and B vitamins. Conclusively, these studies and observations provide a greater set of limitations than advantages in employing a gluten-free diet which raises the ultimate question: how do we stay healthy? Fasano suggests that it depends on how one wants to become gluten-free. If one employs a natural gluten-free diet without substitutes and consume only fresh fruits, vegetables, and meats, it may be beneficial and may alleviate their symptoms of gluten-sensitivity. But a gluten-free diet with gluten-free pasta or cakes may result in adverse effects. Alexandra Anca, a Toronto dietitian, also suggests that if one desires a healthy-eating lifestyle, it is better to get back to the basics. While celiac patients are bound to gluten-free diets but nonetheless are on their way to alternative treatments, those who seek healthy lifestyles should focus on whole and less-processed foods, says Melanie McGrice, an Australian dietician. Overall, employing a healthy lifestyle is complicated given the interplay of the food markets increasingly diverse production of gluten-free products and the less well-known facts and studies about CD and NCGS. Embarking on this journey nonetheless requires a careful consideration of how you want to become healthy will you go old-school with the fresh fruits and vegetables? Word Count: 1796

The Globalization Of Youth Culture Cultural Studies Essay

The Globalization Of Youth Culture Cultural Studies Essay In their article The Glocalization of Youth Culture: The Global Youth Segment as Structures of Common Difference, Kjeldgaard and Askegaard provide an analysis of global youth cultural consumption based on an empirical study. In our modern life, global teens play an important part in the global culture, and the teenage culture on a global scale reflects a youthful lifestyle and affects the constitution of global culture (Kjeldgaard and Askegaard, 2006). Hence, Kjeldgaard and Askegaards research has a special significance for us to know more about the global youth cultural consumption. From the article the fact can be also found that the young value changes and leads the future trend and fashion. Through the analysis of the global youth segment which may have common difference, readers can have a clear understanding of youth culture. In the article The Production and Consumption of Japanese Culture in The Global Culture Market, the author demonstrates an explicit process of the production and consumption of culture, and presents the fact that Japanese culture crosses national borders and has profoundly influenced the global culture. In the process of economic globalization, local culture crosses boundary and penetrates into other nations. This process can be called cultural globalization (Golstein-Gidoni, 2005). In this article, culture is presented in front of different people as a product, which is an approach for readers to understand the process of culture transfer in globalization. The author focuses on Japanese culture as a global cultural production to explain the global culture market. Meanwhile, both of the two articles demonstrate the fact that in globalization, culture has significant impact on peoples contemporary way of life. The essay will comment the two articles from the following four aspects: th e first one is about material culture and consumerism shaping peoples contemporary way of life; the second one is on cultural and social representations reproduction; the third one mainly analyzes the production and construction of identities through consumer society and global cultural industry; the last one discusses the social ramification of culture industry by addressing the relationship between the consumer and the marketplace. 2, Critical Review Material culture and consumption have a close relationship in the modern world. Due to the special relationship, they affect and shape the modern lifestyle. In the first article, the author shows readers different cultures of young people by comparing the differences of young consumers in Denmark and Greenland. Yong people establish their own culture, and they pursue fashion and have their own values. Young culture affects the lifestyle of young people. Young people advocate fast-paced life and pursue their own lifestyles, because they are deeply affected by the young culture (Abrams, 1959). Although young cultures in the world have some differences, they also have some common grounds that have an impact on young people and shape the lifestyle of young people. In the second article, readers can know more about the Japanese cultures influence on the contemporary way of life. Consumer culture is a culture of life after all. The Japanese lifestyle is different from other countries by th e affect of Japanese culture. Every country has their own culture, which can distinguish them from the other people. Duo to the differences of culture, people may have different lifestyles. Different social representations create different culture of their own, and different culture can also form different social representations. Young people form their own culture. à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Coolà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ is popular with young people, and they regard the cool as a fashion. Nowadays, à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Coolà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾ culture has become the popular culture between young people. Culture shapes gender, tribal, and ethnic identities as a form of consumption. On the one hand, they have their own music tastes, clothing styles, and media habits, which distinguish them from the other people. On the other hand, young have become a social category, which has been closely related to the development of modernization. Young culture represents the young people, and young people develop the young culture. Japanese culture crosses national borders, which leave a deep impression on the people of other countries (Featherstone, 1990). Because Japanese form a unique culture of their own country , Japanese culture can differ from culture of other countries. Gravity and enthusiasm are often read in the Japanese culture, and they have become the special symbols of Japanese. Consumer society and global cultural industry affect the identities of different people. People share the different culture and they have different consumption in their daily life. Consumer society supplies a positive and fast-paced environment for the young people, and young people have become a social category by the effect of consumer society and global cultural industry (Thomas, 1997). The model of young people gain cultural significance in the early of this century, and the young consumers are lack of responsibilities. As a result, the teenage identity become inevitable a symbol of leisure and hedonic consumption. In the context of cultural globalization, Japan has generated its own Japanese culture, which makes Japanese people different from people of other countries. Japanese culture has given Japanese people special identities that belong to their own. Since post-World War II, young people have been seen as a huge market segment and the new mass popular culture, so more and more social ramifications of culture industry are created by the market segmentation. Marketing industry begins to tap into young by the driving of this cultural viewpoint. As a result, some new sunrise industries enter the market and carry out the strategy of market segmentation. Culture industry can generate all kinds of social ramifications, and young culture is no exception. Japanese culture develops into a special culture industry by the strategy of exporting and importing (Theodore, 1989). In the long process of development, representations of Japanese culture are becoming more and more, such as Japanese art, martial arts, ink painting, tea ceremony, and some of them have become new industries by addressing the relationship between the consumer and the marketplace. 3, conclusion From the two articles some key themes can be found that on the one hand, material culture and consumerism shape contemporary way of life, and culture has a lot to do with the lifestyle of people. On the other hand, material culture such as young culture and Japanese culture can also produce different industries, which are all in the context of cultural globalization. Culture distinguishes people from other people. In the process of cultural globalization, people should resist the invasion of unhealthy culture and study excellent culture, in order to achieve their own development.

Kerensky handed over power to the Bolsheviks Essay -- Russia Bolshevik

"Kerensky handed power to the Bolsheviks" By October 1917 the Winter Palace of St Petersburg was overthrown by the Bolshevik party of Russia. Historians have deliberated for years on why this event occurred, one viewpoint taken is it was the fault of the detested Alexander Kerensky, prime-minister of Russia. Accusations that Kerensky handed power to the Bolsheviks are not unfounded, he conducted some disastrous policies, but was this Kerensky's fault, or was he being pressured by the unruly monarchists and rightists of Russia, did fear of a bloody cout d?ÃÆ'Â ©tat force him into passing measures such as the restoration of the death penalty? Was Kerensky's failure inevitable after the miserable spells of Lvov and Milyukov as leaders of the Provisional government? It is too easy to state that the revolution in Russia was one man's fault, despite Kerensky's perpetual mistakes there were a lot of other factors, such as the role of Trotsky and Lenin that must be taken into account. An indelible failure of Alexander Kerensky was his refusal to bring Russia out of the war. Kerensky had been hired as Lvov successor due to his belligerent and aggressive nature against the Bolsheviks so his continuation of the war was not unexpected (especially coming from the position Minister of War). However Kerensky was quite arrogant in thinking that a war that had brought down the Romanov dynasty of over 300 years and saw the dismissal of Milyukov and Guchov (after they embarrassingly promised to carry on with the war effort after telling the people they would not) would not hinder his leadership. The burden of the war on the people was devastating as resources were being sent to the front also troops at the rear were becoming increasingly frustrat... ...ro to solve them, the war was straining all their resources, the workers were in constant rebellion and the army were no longer under the Provisional Government?s control, also the polarisation of political Russia was worrying. Kerensky came to be a leader because he was a bridge between the right and left, but that bridge burned and Kerensky was left alone with no support. His handling of the Kornilov affair was his biggest downfall, personally I think he should have never appointed Kornilov as Command in Chief, he was reactionary and had a past record of disregarding rules, Brusilov was a better option because of his democratic appeal. When Kornilov came into the picture the left support of Kerensky disappeared as well as the right, at this moment the Provisional Government was over. Kerensky didn?t give the Bolsheviks power but made it exceedingly easy for them.

Comparison Of Perugino And Caravaggio :: essays research papers

The artists of the Baroque had a remarkably different style than artists of the Renaissance due to their different approach to form, space, and composition. This extreme differentiation in style resulted in a very different treatment of narrative. Perhaps this drastic stylistic difference between the Renaissance and Baroque in their treatment of form, space, and composition and how these characteristics effect the narrative of a painting cannot be seen more than in comparing Perugino’s Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St. Peter from the Early Renaissance to Caravaggio’s Conversion of St. Paul from the Baroque.Perugino was one of the greatest masters of the Early Renaissance whose style ischaracterized by the Renaissance ideals of purity, simplicity, and exceptional symmetry of composition. His approach to form in Christ Delivering the Keys of the Kingdom to St.Peter was very linear. He outlined all the figures with a black line giving them a sense of stabili ty, permanence, and power in their environment, but restricting the figures’ sense of movement. In fact, the figures seem to not move at all, but rather are merely locked at a specific moment in time by their rigid outline. Perugino’s approach to the figures’themselves is extremely humanistic and classical. He shines light on the figures in a clear, even way, keeping with the rational and uncluttered meaning of the work. His figures are all locked in a contrapposto pose engaging in intellectual conversation with their neighbor, giving a strong sense of classical rationality. The figures are repeated over and over such as this to convey a rational response and to show the viewer clarity. Perugino’s approach to space was also very rational and simple. He organizes space along three simple planes: foreground, middle ground, and background. Christ and Saint Peter occupy the center foreground and solemn choruses of saints and citizens occupy the rest of the fo reground. The middle distance is filled with miscellaneous figures, which complement the front group, emphasizing its density and order, by their scattered arrangement. Buildings from the Renaissance and triumphal arches from Roman antiquity occupy the background, reinforcing the overall classical message to the painting even though the event represented in the painting took place long before the Roman Empire. The center temple that occupies the background has a vanishing point running through its doorway and if it weren’t for this illusionistic technique, the painting would be very two-dimensional.

Construction Of The Great Pyramid Essay -- essays research papers

Of the three theories on how the Great Pyramid was built, in descending order of acceptability, the most suitable theory is Clifford Wilson’s followed by Joseph Davidovits’ and Erich Von Dà ¤niken’s argument. Clifford Wilson’s theory is the best because he illustrates how the pyramids were built and provides the evidence to prove his theory, however; this is unlike Joseph Davidovits’ theory because Davidovits does not fully answer questions that arise concerning his theory. The three theories have similar points, but contain very different ideas on the construction of the Great Pyramid. This is obvious in Clifford Wilson’s argument where he is repeatedly disproving Von Dà ¤niken’s theory that the â€Å"gods† created the pyramids, whereas in Davidovits theory the pyramids were simply casted by means of chemically mixing Natron, aluminum and silicon to produce artificial rock. These three individuals express different ideas on t he building of the building of the Great Pyramid. Clifford Wilson has the most acceptable theory compared to the other two individual’s arguments. In Clifford Wilson’s theory, he suggests that the pyramids were built with the â€Å"heave-ho† method. With the use of sleds made from wood that is easily imported from Phoenicia and rope, it is an acceptable theory on how the Great Pyramid was built. Wilson has also seen workers, using a single rope and pulley, move stones as the supervisor chants out instructions. One question that arises is how the builders were able to lift the stones into place. Wilson explains that during the construction of the pyramid, a ramp made of earth could be increased as the height of the pyramid increased. Once outer limestone blocks are fitted into place the earth could simply be removed. Clifford Wilson clearly verifies his theory with specific details, which displays that his theory is the most logical and suitable explanation of the construction of the Great Pyramid. Although Clifford Wilson’s theory is the best, there are still a few weaknesses throughout his argument. Wilson suggests that by using a system of pulleys, levers and ropes its is possible to construct the pyramid. With recent studies, it has been shown that if using a lever system as Wilson suggests, the fulcrum’s height must be increased, and at certain heights, the whole lever can become unstable. Another problem that is brought up is with the use of... ...nce. Von Dà ¤niken’s theory is clearly the worst when compared to the other two arguments, and this is particularly due to incorrect data. Even though Von Dà ¤niken’s theory is the poorest in quality, he still brings up important ideas that need to be examined. For example, the Egyptians knew the distance between the sun and the earth, and the geographical locations of other continents. This information could have been thought up, but it is more realistic to consider that Egyptians did have contact with extra-terrestrials. Despite Von Dà ¤niken’s bad theory , he still brings up key issues, but generally his theory is of no use because of the lack of significant data. Of the three theories, Clifford Wilson’s theory remains the most acceptable because he illustrates how the pyramids were built and provides the evidence to prove his argument. Joseph Davidovits on the other hand, does not fully answer questions that arise concerning his theory. Von Dà ¤niken’s theory contains incorrect and irrelevant data that makes his theory the worst when compared to the other two arguments. In conclusion, Clifford Wilson had many effective points that disproved many Davidovits’ and Von Dà ¤niken’s points.

Francis King “Making It All Right”

The text â€Å"Making it all right† by Francis King is written in a style of fiction. This extract is about how Mary and her husband Bob were admiring their screen, which was picked up in a little junkshop, and how they had it remounted. So at the beginning of the text we see Bob, Mary and Diana friendly speaking about their friend Iris, whom they were going to make a call. Suddenly their attention was attracted by Diana Lucas, who began to edge a six-panel gold screen out from the wall. And they saw the filth behind it. During this Bob was sitting and staring at the Chinese silk carpet.The author describe him as a big and clumsy chap using such epithet â€Å"clumsy hands†. But Bob wasn’t going to grumble about her and he’s been with her twelve years. And he really appreciated in her the thing that she was a good cook and to show it the author uses the epithet â€Å"a lovely cook†. The clich? â€Å"on a good day† is used to show that they did not care very much about that carpet. After all they decided to call her but they did not know whether would be suitable. Besides she was on her own and seemed â€Å"utterly lost†, this metonymy which describes her in a very bad condition.But then Diana fidgeted with the screen and their attention again was attracted by the beauty of it. To show their admiration the author uses the proverb â€Å"The gold alone is worth a fortune†. And at the end of the text we can see the remembering of that how they picked up it in a small junkshop and how it had been remounted by a little man – a real artist. After that they anyway decided to put through that call. To my mind the idea of the story is that sometimes it is possible to remount thing which are in ghastly condition.

Acg 4401

Review Questions ACG 4401 U01B Summer 2010NameMULTIPLE CHOICEChoose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.1) Which of the factors listed below is not a common factor for fraud? 1) _______A) rationalization for the crimeB) desire to get even with the employerC) opportunity to commit fraudD) pressure to commit fraud2) Misappropriation of assets can also be called 2) _______A) Fraudulent financial reportingB) Management fraudC) Employee fraudD) Computer fraud3)Which type of antivirus program is most effective in spotting an infection soon after it starts? 3) _______A) a virus detection programB) a virus protection programC) a virus identification programD) none of the above4) How can an organization reduce fraud losses? 4) _______A) require vacations and rotate dutiesB) maintain adequate insuranceC) encrypt data and programsD) use forensic accountants5) A ________ is similar to a ________, except that it is a program rather than a code segment hid den in a host program. 5) _______A) worm; virusB) worm; Trojan horseC) Trojan horse; wormD) virus; worm6) Which method of fraud is physical in its nature rather than electronic? 6) _______A) eavesdroppingB) crackingC) scavengingD) hacking7) The deceptive method by which a perpetrator gains access to the system by pretending to be an authorized user is called 7) _______A) masquerading.B) superzapping.C) hacking.D) cracking.8) Intentional or reckless conduct that results in materially misleading financial statements is called 8) _______A) financial fraud.B) misstatement fraud.C) audit failure fraud.D) fraudulent financial reporting.9) The potential dollar loss that could result if an unwanted event occurs is called a(n) 9) _______A) exposure.B) extraordinary loss.C) threat.D) risk.10) The likelihood that an adverse or unwanted event could occur is referred to as a(n) 10) ______A) threat.B) loss.C) risk.D) exposure.11) Which of the following federal laws incorporated the language of th e AICPA about controls into a law applying to all registered companies? 11) ______A) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977B) The Securities Act of 1933C) Federal Corruption Prevention Act of 1987D) The Securities Exchange Act of 193412) Personnel policies such as background checks, mandatory vacations, and rotation of duties tend to deter 12) ______A) fraud by outsidersB) unintentional errorsC) employee fraud or embezzlementD) payroll irregularities13) Chuck Hewitt was relaxing after work with a colleague at a local watering hole. Well into his second martini, he began expressing his opinion about government regulation. It seems that, as a result of â€Å"government interference† the company's longstanding policy of making low-interest loans to top management was being terminated. The regulation that Chuck is referring to is the 13) ______A) Truth in Lending ActB) McCain-Feingold ActC) Sarbanes-Oxley ActD) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act14) River Rafting Adventures of Iowa prov ides rafts and tour guides to tourists eager to ride the wild rivers of Iowa. Management has determined that there is one chance in a thousand of a client being injured or killed. Settlement of resulting lawsuits has an average cost of $650,000. Insurance with a $50,000 deductible is available. It covers the costs of lawsuits unless there is evidence of criminal negligence. What is the expected loss without insurance? 14) ______A) $650B) $650,000C) $50,000D) $5015) The risk that remains after management implements internal controls is 15) ______A) Risk appetiteB) Residual riskC) Risk assessmentD) Inherent risk16) River Rafting Adventures of Iowa provides rafts and tour guides to tourists eager to ride the wild rivers of Iowa. Management has determined that there is one chance in a thousand of a client being injured or killed. Settlement of resulting lawsuits has an average cost of $650,000. Insurance with a $50,000 deductible is available. It covers the costs of lawsuits unless ther e is evidence of criminal negligence. What is the expected loss with insurance? 16) ______A) $650B) $50,000C) $650,000D) $5017) There are different types of internal controls available to an organization. The type of controls that deters problems before they arise are called 17) ______A) preventive controls.B) corrective controls.C) exposure controls.D) detective controls.18) According to SysTrust, the reliability principle of integrity is achieved when 18) ______A) the system is available for operation and use at times set forth by agreement.B) system processing is complete, accurate, timely, and authorized.C) the system can be maintained as required without affecting system availability, security, and integrity.D) the system is protected against unauthorized physical and logical access.19) An electronic document that certifies the identity of the owner of a particular public key. 19) ______A) Public keyB) Asymmetric encryptionC) Digital signatureD) Digital certificate20) In develo ping policies related to personal information about customers, Folding Squid Technologies adhered to the Trust Services framework. The standard applicable to these policies is 20) ______A) privacy.B) security.C) confidentiality.D) availability.21) In a private key system the sender and the receiver have ________, and in the public key system they have ________. 21) ______A) the same key; two separate keysB) an encrypting algorithm; a decrypting algorithmC) different keys; the same keyD) a decrypting algorithm; an encrypting algorithm22) Which of the following is an example of a corrective control? 22) ______A) Physical access controlsB) Intrusion detectionC) Emergency response teamsD) Encryption23) A more rigorous test of the effectiveness of an organization's computer security. 23) ______A) Vulnerability scanB) Penetration testC) Log analysisD) Intrusion detection system24) Which of the following is not a requirement of effective passwords? 24) ______A) Passwords should be no more than 8 characters in length.B) Passwords should contain a mixture of upper and lowercase letters, numbers and characters.C) Passwords should be changed at regular intervals.D) Passwords should not be words found in dictionaries.25) An auditor examining a firm's accounting information system creates a fictitious customer in the system and then creates several fictitious sales to the customer. The records are then tracked as they are processed by the system. This is an example collecting audit evidence using 25) ______A) a system control audit review file.B) an integrated test facility.C) audit hooks.D) the snapshot technique.E) continuous and intermittent simulation.26) The ________ part of the auditing process involves (among other things) the auditors observing the operating activities and having discussion with employees. 6) ______A) communication of audit resultsB) evaluation of audit evidenceC) audit planningD) collection of audit evidence27) The evidence collection method that considers the relationship and trends among information to detect items that should be investigated further is called 27) ______A) physical examination.B) vouching.C) analytical review.D) review of the documentation.28) One way an auditor gauges how much audit work and testing needs to be performed is through evaluating materiality and seeking reasonable assurance about the nature of the information or process. What is key to determining materiality during an audit? 28) ______A) the testing of records, account balances, and procedures on a sample basisB) determining if material errors exist in the information or processes undergoing auditC) determining what is and is not important given a set of circumstances is primarily a matter of judgmentD) none of the above29) The ________ to auditing provides auditors with a clear understanding of possible errors and irregularities and the related risks and exposures. 29) ______A) financial audit approachB) risk-adjusted approachC) risk-based approachD) information systems approach30) The ________ audit is concerned with the economical and efficient use of resources and the accomplishment of established goals and objectives. 30) ______A) financialB) informationalC) operationalD) information systemsAnswersBCDBACADACACCABDABDAACBABDCCCC

Introduction to Axis Bank

INTRODUCTION TO AXIS BANK Commercial banking services which includes merchant banking, direct finance infrastructure finance, venture capital fund, advisory, trusteeship, forex, treasury and other related financial services. As on 31-Mar-2009, the Group has 827 branches, extension counters and 3,595 automated teller machines (ATMs). Axis Bank was the first of the new private banks to have begun operations in 1994, after the Government of India allowed new private banks to be established.The Bank was promoted jointly by the Administrator of the specified undertaking of the Unit Trust of India (UTI – I), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) and General Insurance Corporation of India (GIC) and other four PSU insurance companies, i. e. National Insurance Company Ltd. , The New India Assurance Company Ltd. , The Oriental Insurance Company Ltd. and United India Insurance Company Ltd. The Bank today is capitalized to the extent of Rs. 359. 76 corers with the public holding (othe r than promoters) at 57. 79%. The Bank's Registered Office is at Ahmadabad and its Central Office is located at Mumbai.The Bank has a very wide network of more than 853 branches and Extension Counters (as on 30th June 2009). The Bank has a network of over 3723 ATMs (as on 30th June 2009) providing 24 hrs a day banking convenience to its customers. This is one of the largest ATM networks in the country. The Bank has strengths in both retail and corporate banking and is committed to adopting the best industry practices internationally in order to achieve excellence. HISTORY OF AXIS BANK In 1993, the Bank was incorporated on 3rd December and Certificate of business on 14th Dece11mber.The Bank transacts banking business of all description. UTI Bank Ltd. was promoted by Unit Trust of India, Life Insurance Corporation of India, General Insurance Corporation of India and its four subsidiaries. The bank was the first private sector bank to get a license under the new guidelines issued by th e RBI. In 1997, the Bank obtained license to act as Depository Participant with NSDL and applied for registration with SEBI to act as `Trustee to Debenture Holders'. Rupees 100 crores was contributed by UTI, the rest from LIC Rs 7. 5 crores, GIC and its four subsidiaries Rs 1. crores each. In 1998, the Bank has 28 branches in urban and semi urban areas as on 31st July. All the branches are fully computerized and networked through VSAT. ATM services are available in 27 branches. The Bank came out with a public issue of 1,50,00,000 No. of equity shares of Rs 10 each at a premium of Rs 11 per share aggregating to Rs 31. 50 crores and Offer for sale of 2,00,00,000 No. of equity shares for cash at a price of Rs 21 per share. Out of the public issue 2, 20,000 shares were reserved for allotment on preferential basis to employees of UTI Bank.Balance of 3, 47, 80,000 shares were offered to the public. The company offers ATM cards, using which account-holders can withdraw money from any of th e bank's ATMs across the country which is inter-connected by VSAT. UTI Bank has launched a new retail product with operational flexibility for its customers. UTI Bank will sign a co-brand agreement with the market, leader, Citibank NA for entering into the highly promising credit card business. UTI Bank promoted by India's pioneer mutual fund Unit Trust of India along with LIC, GIC and its four subsidiaries.In 1999, UTI Bank and Citibank have launched an international co-branded Credit card. UTI Bank and Citibank have come together to launch an international co-branded credit card under the MasterCard umbrella. UTI Bank Ltd has inaugurated an off site ATM at Ashok Nagar here, taking the total number of its off site ATMs to 13. m In 2000, the Bank has announced the launch of Tele-Depository Services for Its depository clients. UTI Bank has launch of `iConnect', its Internet banking Product. UTI Bank has signed a memorandum of understanding with equitymaster. om for e-broking activiti es of the site. Infinity. com financial Securities Ltd. , an e-broking outfit is Typing up with UTI Bank for a banking interface. Geojit Securities Ltd, the first company to start online trading services, has signed a MoU with UTI Bank to enable investors to buysell demat stocks through the company's website. India bulls have signed a memorandum of understanding with UTI Bank. UTI Bank has entered into an agreement with Stock Holding Corporation of India for providing loans against shares to SCHCIL's customers and funding investors in public and rights issues.ICRA has upgraded the rating UTI Bank's Rs 500 crore certificate of deposit programmed to A1+. UTI Bank has tied up with L&T Trade. com for providing customized online trading solution for brokers. In2001, UTI Bank launched a private placement of non-convertible debentures to rise up to Rs 75 crores. UTI Bank has opened two offsite ATMs and one extension counter with an ATM in Mangalore, taking its total number of ATMs across t he country to 355. UTI Bank has recorded a 62 per cent rise in net profit for the quarter ended September 30, 2001, at Rs 30. 5 crore. For the second quarter ended September 30, 2000, the net profit was Rs 19. 08 crore. The total income of the bank during the quarter was up 53 per cent at Rs 366. 25 crore. In 2002, UTI Bank Ltd has informed BSE that Shri B R Barwale has resigned as a Director of the Bank w. e. f. January 02, 2002. A C Shah, former chairman of Bank of Baroda, also retired from the bank’s board in the third quarter of last year. His place continues to be vacant. M Damodaran took over as the director of the board after taking in the reins of UTI.B S Pandit has also joined the bank’s board subsequent to the retirement of K G Vassal. UTI Bank Ltd has informed that Shri Paul Fletcher has been appointed as an Additional Director Nominee of CDC Financial Service (Mauritius) Ltd of the Bank. And Shri Donald Peck has been appointed as an Additional Director (nom inee of South Asia Regional Fund) of the Bank. UTI Bank Ltd has informed that on laying down the office of Chairman of LIC on being appointed as Chairman of SEBI, Shri G N Bajpai, Nominee Director of LIC has resigned as a Director of the Bank.In 2002, B Paranjpe & Abid Hussain cease to be the Directors of UTI Bank. UTI Bank Ltd has informed that in the meeting of the Board of Directors following decisions were taken: Mr Yash Mahajan, Vice Chairman and Managing Director of Punjab Tractors Ltd were appointed as an Additional Director with immediate effect. Mr. N C Singhal former Vice Chairman and Managing Director of SCICI was appointed as an Additional Director with immediate effect. ABN Amro, UTI Bank in pact to share ATM. UTI Bank Ltd has informed BSE that a meeting of theBoard of Directors of the Bank is scheduled to be held on October 24, 2002 to consider and take on record the unaudited half yearly/quarterly financial results of the Bank for the half year/Quarter ended September 30, 2002. UTI Bank Ltd has informed that Shri J M Trivedi has been appointed as an alternate director to Shri Donald Peck with effect from November 2, 2002. In 2003, UTI Bank Ltd has informed BSE that at the meeting of the Board of Directors of the company held on January 16, 2003, Shri R N Bharadwaj, Managing Director of LIC has been appointed as an Additional Director of the Bank with immediate effect. UTI Bank, the private sector bank has opened a branch at Nellore. The bank's Chairman and Managing Director, Dr P. J. Nayak, inaugurating the bank branch at GT Road on May 26. Speaking on the occasion, Dr Nayak said. This marks another step towards the extensive customer banking focus that we are providing across the country and reinforces our commitment to bring superior banking services, marked by convenience and closeness to customers. -UTI Bank Ltd. has informed the Exchange that at its meeting held on June 25, 2003 the BOD have decided the following: 1) To appoint Mr. A T Pann ir Selvam, former CMD of Union Bank of India and Prof.Jayanth Varma of the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad as additional directors of the Bank with immediate effect. Further, Mr. Pannir Selvam will be the nominee director of the Administrator of the specified undertaking of the Unit Trust of India (UTI-I) and Mr. Jayanth Varma will be an Independent Director. 2) To issue Non-Convertible Unsecured Redeemable Debentures up to Rs. 100 crs, in one or more tranches as the Bank's Tier – II capital. -UTI has been authorized to launch 16 ATMs on the Western Railway Stations of Mumbai Division. -UTI filed suit against financial institutions IFCI Ltd in the ebt recovery tribunal at Mumbai to Recover Rs. 85cr in dues. -UTI bank made an entry to the Food Credit Program me; it has made an entry into the 59 cluster which includes private sector, public sector, old private sector and co-operative banks. -Shri Ajeet Prasad, Nominee of UTI has resigned as the director of the bank. - Banks Chairman and MD Dr. P. J. Nayak inaugurated a new branch at Nellore. -UTI bank allots shares under Employee Stock Option Scheme to its employees. -Unveils pre-paid travel card ‘Visa Electron Travel Currency Card' -Allotment of 58923 equity shares of Rs 10 each under ESOP. UTI Bank ties up with UK govt fund for contract farm in -Shri B S Pandit, nominee of the Administrator of the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of India (UTI-I) has resigned as a director from the Bank wef November 12, 2003. -UTI Bank unveils new ATM in Sikkim. In 2004, Comes out with Rs. 500 mn Unsecured Redeemable Non-Convertible Debenture Issue, issue fully subscribed -UTI Bank Ltd has informed that Shri Ajeet Prasad, Nominee of the Administrator of the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of India (UTI – I) has been appointed as an Additional Director of the Bank w. e. f. January 20, 2004. UTI Bank opens new branch in Udupi-UTI Bank, Geojit in pact for trading platform in Qatar -UTI Bank ties up with Shriram Group Cos -Unveils premium payment facility through ATMs applicable to LIC UTI Bank customers –Metal junction (MJ)- the online trading and procurement joint venture of Tata Steel and Steel Authority of India (SAIL)- has roped in UTI Bank to start off own equipment for Tata Steel. -DIEBOLD Systems Private Ltd, a wholly owned subsidiary of Diebold Incorporated, has secured a major contract for the supply of ATMs an services to UTI Bank -HSBC completes acquisition of 14. 6% stake in UTI Bank for . m -UTI Bank installs ATM in Thiruvananthapuram -Launches Remittance Card' in association with Remit2India, a Web site offering money transfer services In 2005, UTI Bank enters into a banc assurance partnership with Bajaj Allianz General for selling general insurance products through its branch network. -UTI Bank launches its first Satellite Retail Assets Centre (SRAC) in Karnataka at Mangalore. In 2006, UBL sets up branch in Jaipur -UTI Bank unveils priority b anking lounge. MANAGEMENT OF AXIS BANK Promoters: Axis Bank Ltd. has been promoted by the largest and the best Financial Institution of the country, UTI.The Bank was set up with a capital of Rs. 115 crore, with UTI contributing Rs. 100 Crore, LIC – Rs. 7. 5 Crore and GIC and its four subsidiaries contributing Rs. 1. 5 Crore each SUUTI – Shareholding 27. 02%Erstwhile Unit Trust of India was set up as a body corporate under the UTI Act, 1963, with a view to encourage savings and investment. In December 2002, the UTI Act, 1963 was repealed with the passage of Unit Trust of India (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2002 by the Parliament, paving the way for the bifurcation of UTI into 2 entities, UTI-I and UTI-II with effect from 1st February 2003.In accordance with the Act, the Undertaking specified as UTI I has been transferred and vested in the Administrator of the Specified Undertaking of the Unit Trust of India (SUUTI), who manages assured return schemes along w ith 6. 75% US-64 Bonds, 6. 60% ARS Bonds with a Unit Capital of over Rs. 14167. 59 crores. The Government of India has currently appointed Shri K. N. Prithviraj as the Administrator of the Specified undertaking of UTI, to look after and administer the schemes under UTI where Government has continuing obligations and commitments to the investors, which it will uphold.MEANING OF WHOLE BANKING OPERATION The Wholesale Banking contains products sold to large and middle market commercial companies, as well as to consumers on a wholesale basis. This includes lending, treasury management, mutual funds, asset-based lending, commercial real estate, corporate and institutional trust services, and investment banking through Wells Fargo Securities. The company also owns Baring ton Associates, a middle market investment bank.Wells Fargo historically has avoided large corporate loans as stand-alone products, instead requiring that borrowers purchase other products along with loans which the bank s ees as a loss leader. One area that is very profitable to Wells, however, is asset-based lending: lending to large companies using assets as collateral that are not normally used in other loans. This can be compared to subprime lending, but on a corporate level. The main brand name for this activity is â€Å"Wells Fargo Foothill,† and is regularly marketed in tombstone ads in the Wall Street Journal.Wells Fargo also owns Eastdil Secured, which is described as a â€Å"real estate investment bank† but is essentially one of the largest commercial real estate brokers for very large transactions (such as the purchase and sale of large Class-A office buildings in central business districts throughout the United States). The wholesale banking operations consist of the following transactions: 1. Opening of Account 2. Issue of Check book 3. International Debit / Credit Card 4. Issue of Demand Draft (DD) 5. Net banking 6. e-mail statement 7. phone banking 8.Insta Query 9. Insta Alert 10. Bill pay 11. Passbook 12. Quarterly Account Statement 13. Loan Facility definitions of banking * A bank is a financial institution licensed by a government. Its primary activity is to lend money. Many other financial activities were allowed over time. For example banks are important players in financial markets and offer financial services such as investment funds. * Banking can also be defined as engaging in the business of keeping money for savings and checking accounts or for exchange or for issuing loans and credit. Transacting business with a bank; depositing or withdrawing funds or requesting a loan. * Bank – a supply or stock held in reserve for future use (especially in emergencies) MEANING of BANK An organization, usually a corporation, chartered by a state or federal government, which does most or all of the following: receives demand deposits and time deposits, honors instruments drawn on them, and pays interest on them; discounts notes, makes loans, and invests in securities; collects checks, drafts, and notes; certifies depositor's checks; and issues drafts and cashier's checks.PRADUCT OF AXIS BANK * Easy Access Saving Account * Saving Account for Women * Prime Saving Account * Senior Citizens Saving Account * Priority Banking * Corporate Salary Account * Trust /NGOs Saving Account * Resident Foreign Currency Account * Online Trading Account * Current Account * Term Deposits * Locker Facilities * NRI Services * Depository Services * Financial Advisory Services * Wealth Management Services * Insurance Solutions – Life and General * Retail Loans * Credit Loans * Travel Currency Cards * Remittance Cards CUSTOMER SERVICE IN BANKING OPERATION CHEQUE DROP BOX FACILITY: – RBI's Committee on Procedures and Performance Audit on Public Services have recommended that both the drop box facility and the facility for acknowledgement of the cheques at the regular collection counters should be available to customers and no branch sh ould refuse to give an acknowledgement if the customer tenders the cheques at the counters. * ISSUE OF CHEQUE BOOK: – The Committee has observed that some banks do not allow depositors to collect their cheque book at the branch but insist on dispatching the cheque book by courier to the depositor.Further, it is stated by the Committee that the depositor is forced to sign a declaration that a dispatch by the courier is at the depositor's risk and consequence and that the depositor shall not hold the bank liable in any manner whatsoever in respect of such dispatch of cheque book. Committee has observed this as an unfair practice and advised banks to refrain from obtaining such undertakings from depositors. Banks should also ensure that cheque books are delivered over the counters on request to the depositors or his authorized representative. STATEMENT OF ACCOUNT / PASS BOOK: – The Committee has noted that banks invariably show the entries in depositor’s passbooks / statement of accounts as â€Å"By Clearing† or â€Å"By Cheque†. Further, in the case of Electronic Clearing System (ECS) and RBI Electronic Funds Transfer (RBIEFTR) banks invariably do not provide any details even though brief particulars of the remittance are provided to the receiving bank. In some cases computerized entries use sophisticated codes which just cannot be deciphered.With a view to avoiding inconvenience to depositors, banks are advised to avoid such inscrutable entries in passbooks statements of account and ensure that brief, intelligible particulars are invariably entered in passbooks / statements of account. Banks may also ensure that they adhere to the monthly periodicity prescribed by us while sending statement of accounts. TRADITIONAL BANKING ACTIVITIES Banks act as payment agents by conducting checking or current accounts for customers, paying cheques drawn by customers on the bank, and collecting cheques deposited to customers' current accounts .Banks also enable customer payments via other payment methods such as telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, and ATM. Banks borrow money by accepting funds deposited on current accounts, by accepting term deposits, and by issuing debt securities such as banknotes and bonds. Banks lend money by making advances to customers on current accounts, by making installment loans, and by investing in marketable debt securities and other forms of money lending. Banks provide almost all payment services, and a bank account is considered indispensable by most businesses, individuals and governments.Non-banks that provide payment services such as remittance companies are not normally considered an adequate substitute for having a bank account. Banks borrow most funds from households and non-financial businesses, and lend most funds to households and non-financial businesses, but non-bank lenders provide a significant and in many cases adequate substitute for bank loans, and money market funds, cash manag ement trusts and other non-bank financial institutions in many cases provide an adequate substitute to banks. ACCOUTING FOR BANK ACCOUNTBank statements are accounting records produced by banks under the various accounting standards of the world. Under GAAP and IFRS there are two kinds of accounts: debit and credit. Credit accounts are Revenue, Equity and Liabilities. Debit Accounts are Assets and Expenses. This means you credit a credit account to increase its balance, and you debit a debit account to increase its balance. This also means you debit your savings account every time you deposit money into it (and the account is normally in deficit), while you credit your credit card account every time you spend money from it (and the account is normally in credit).However, if you read your bank statement, it will say the opposite that you credit your account when you deposit money, and you debit it when you withdraw funds. If you have cash in your account, you have a positive (or credi t) balance; if you are overdrawn, you have a negative (or deficit) balance. The reason for this is that the bank, and not you, has produced the bank statement. Your savings might be your assets, but the bank's liability, so they are credit accounts (which should have a positive balance).Conversely, your loans are your liabilities but the bank's assets, so they are debit accounts (which should have a also have a positive balance). Where bank transactions, balances, credits and debits are discussed below, they are done so from the viewpoint of the account holder which is traditionally what most people are used to seeing. ECONOMIC FUNCTION * ISSUE OF MONEY: – In the form of banknotes and current accounts subject to cheque or payment at the customer's order. These claims on banks can act as money because they are negotiable and/or repayable on demand, and hence valued at par.They are effectively transferable by mere delivery, in the case of banknotes, or by drawing a cheque that the payee may bank or cash. * NETTING AND SETTELEMENT OF PAYMENT: – Banks act as both collection and paying agents for customers, participating in interbank clearing and settlement systems to collect, present, be presented with, and pay payment instruments. This enables banks to economies on reserves held for settlement of payments, since inward and outward payments offset each other. It also enables the offsetting of payment flows between geographical areas, reducing the cost of settlement between them. * CREDIT INTERMEDIATION: –Banks borrow and lend back-to-back on their own account as middle men. * CREDIT QUALITY IMPROVEMENT: – Banks lend money to ordinary commercial and personal borrowers (ordinary credit quality), but are high quality borrowers. The improvement comes from diversification of the bank's assets and capital which provides a buffer to absorb losses without defaulting on its obligations. However, banknotes and deposits are generally unsecured; if the bank gets into difficulty and pledges assets as security, to rise the funding it needs to continue to operate, this puts the note holders and depositors in an economically subordinated position. MATURITY TRANSFORMATION: – Banks borrow more on demand debt and short term debt, but provide more long term loans. In other words, they borrow short and lend long. With a stronger credit quality than most other borrowers, banks can do this by aggregating issues (e. g. accepting deposits and issuing banknotes) and redemptions (e. g. withdrawals and redemptions of banknotes), maintaining reserves of cash, investing in marketable securities that can be readily converted to cash if needed, and raising replacement funding as needed from various sources (e. g. wholesale cash markets and securities markets).BANKING CHANNELS Banks offer many different channels to access their banking and other services: * A branch, banking centre or financial centre is a retail location where a bank or f inancial institution offers a wide array of face-to-face service to its customers. * ATM is a computerized telecommunications device that provides a financial institution's customers a method of financial transactions in a public space without the need for a human clerk or bank teller. Most banks now have more ATMs than branches, and ATMs are providing a wider range of services to a wider range of users.For example in Hong Kong, most ATMs enable anyone to deposit cash to any customer of the bank's account by feeding in the notes and entering the account number to be credited. Also, most ATMs enable card holders from other banks to get their account balance and withdraw cash, even if the card is issued by a foreign bank. * Mail is part of the postal system which itself is a system wherein written documents typically enclosed in envelopes, and also small packages containing other matter, are delivered to destinations around the world. This can be used to deposit cheques and to send or ders to the bank to pay money to third parties.Banks also normally use mail to deliver periodic account statements to customers. * Telephone banking is a service provided by a financial institution which allows its customers to perform transactions over the telephone. This normally includes bill payments for bills from major billers (e. g. for electricity). * Online banking is a term used for performing transactions, payments etc. over the Internet through a bank, credit union or building society's secure website. * Mobile banking is a method of using one's mobile phone to conduct simple banking transactions by remotely linking into a banking network. Video banking is a term used for performing banking transactions or professional banking consultations via a remote video and audio connection. Video banking can be performed via purpose built banking transaction machines (similar to an Automated teller machine), or via a videoconference enabled bank branch. TYPES OF INVESTMENT BANK * Investment banks â€Å"underwrite† (guarantee the sale of) stock and bond issues, trade for their own accounts, make markets, and advise corporations on capital market activities such as mergers and acquisitions. * Merchant banks were traditionally banks which engaged in trade finance.The modern definition, however, refers to banks which provide capital to firms in the form of shares rather than loans. Unlike venture capital firms, they tend not to invest in new companies. MORTGAGE BANKING Mortgage banking deals primarily with originating mortgage loans and servicing them. Read more about it here as well as about what a career in mortgage banking involves. Mortgage banking is meant for a single purpose, to service the real estate finance industry. Mortgage banking deals specifically with originating mortgage loans as well as servicing them.Mortgage banks are state-licensed entities from which consumers can get mortgage loans directly. Usually, mortgage banks avail funds from the Federal National Mortgage Association, or FNMA, also known as Fannie Mae, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, or FHLMC, also known as Freddie Mac, or any other large companies that service mortgages, which are related to the secondary mortgage market. Here are a few pointers about the nitty-gritty of mortgage banking. * MORTGAGE BANK SPECIALIZE IN MORTGAGE LOANS: – Unlike a savings bank that is federally chartered, in general mortgage banks specialize in only providing mortgage loans.Hence, customers do not deposit their money in these banks. As has been mentioned above, the secondary wholesale market is their primary source of funds. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae are examples of the lenders in the secondary market. * MORTGAGE BANKS DIFFER IN SIZE: – While some mortgage banks can be nationwide, others can originate a volume of loan that can exceed that of a commercial bank that is nationwide. Many of these mortgage banks utilize specialty servicers like Real T ime Resolutions to carry out tasks like fraud detection work and repurchase. MORTGAGE BANKS HAVE TO SOURCES OF RAVENUE: – The two main sources of income are from loan servicing fees (if they are into loan sevicing0, and fees from loan origination. Mortgage bankers, by and large, are choosing not to service the loans they have originated. That is because they are entitled to earn a service-released premium by selling them soon after the mortgage loans are closed and funded. The investor in the secondary market that purchases the loan has the ability of earning revenue for providing servicing of the loan every month the borrower keeps the loan. DEFFERENT BANKING LAW APPLY TO MARTGAGE BANK: – Mortgage banks usually operate under banking laws that are quite different, according to the state they operate in. You will need to check each individual state’s financial department or state banking in order to get list of mortgage bankers in each state. While federal laws a pply to the operation of a federal bank, in terms of consumer protection, usually consumers have additional rights, which are applicable according to each state. * MORTGAGE BANKERS CAN BE MORE COMPETITIVE: –Since they only specialize in lending and do not have to subsidize any of the losses that other departments may have incurred, as in regular banking, mortgage bankers have the ability of being really competitive when lending for mortgage. However, they usually do not have the advantage of accessing adjustable rate mortgages that are low cost, which federal banks are typically associated with, and federal money access. * A CAREER IN MORTGAGE BANKING: – Professionals in mortgage banking in the job market today need to have a college degree in business or finance, or some specific experience or training related to the field.Skills in good customer service, an inherent ability with numbers, and computer skills are also essential requirements for mortgage banking jobs. A mortgage banking professional’s job involves reviewing credit scores, determining the kind of loan that is most beneficial for the customer and guiding them through the process of application as well as closing. The loan officer has to be very organized and detail oriented, and need to be able to handle the large amounts of paperwork and reporting that are required for getting loans approved, up to the closing.A mortgage banking professional also has to have thorough know-how about the regulations associated with federal mortgage as well as the various types. KYN (KNOW YOUR CUSTOMER) As per KYC guideline the RBI has advised banks to follow KYC guidelines of RBI mandates banks to collect three proofs from their customers they are 1 Photograph 2 Proof of Identity 3 Proof of address Accordingly, Axis bank has framed its KYC procedure according to which, a photograph and documentary proof of personal identification and address proof are required t be provided.The account Opening form provides the nature of documents required / procedure to be followed for opening a new account. You may also log in to our website www. axisbank. com for such information which is displayed product-wise. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF AXIS BANK SAVING ACCOUNT INFORMATION Definition: A deposit account at a bank or savings and loan which pays interest, but cannot be withdrawn by check writing. * TYPE OF SAVING ACCOUNT IN AXIS BANKING * * ZERO BALANCE SAVING ACCOUNT: – At Axis Bank it has been constant endeavor to create products specifically catering to your needs.The account while offering a whole range of services also addresses your latent need of having an account without the hassle of maintaining an average quarterly balance. * FEATURES: – 1. No Average Quarterly Balance requirement 2. Free International Debit Card with an Accidental Insurance cover up to Rs. 2 lakhs* (charges for the primary holder are waived) 3. Free mobile banking facility 4. Access through more than 825 branches and more than 3595 ATMs 5. At-Par cheque facility with the clearing limit of Rs 50,000 6. 24Ãâ€"7 Tele banking & Internet banking . Free quarterly statements 8. Free monthly e-statement * CONDITION APPLY: – 1. Initial funding of Rs. 5,500. 2. Account maintenance fee of Rs. 500 per annum * KRISHI SAVING ACCOUNT (KHETI HO KHUSHAHALI KI): – Axis Bank offers a unique savings account which is easy to operate and allows you to transact immediately. This product has been specially designed keeping in mind the unique requirements of a farmer and true to its nature has been called the Krishi Savings Account. Some of the features of our new product are: * AVERAGE BALANCE REQUIREMENT: –This account is offered with the requirement of maintaining the half-yearly average balance of Rs 1000 only. * INTERNATIONAL MASTER DEBIT CARD: – The Krishi Savings Account entitles you to an International Master Debit Card with which you can access your account an ytime through the Axis Bank ATM network free of cost. This card comes with a cash withdrawal limit of Rs 25,000 per day. Free Accident Insurance cover of Rs 2 lacks. * ANYWHERE BANKING: – Being a Krishi account holder, you are entitled to access our wide network of more than 825 branches and 3595 ATMs across 440 cities.You can now easily carry out your transactions through any of the branches or ATMs. * AT PER CHEQUE BOOK: – Your Krishi Savings Account comes with the At-Par Cheque facility. This facility enables you to en cash the cheques as local instruments at any of the 440 centers where the Bank has its presence, at no extra cost. Moreover, you can also issue cheques at other centers up to the limit of Rs 50,000. * EASSY ACCES SAVING ACCOUNT(BANKING MADE EASY): – * A :Accessibility * C :Convenience * C :Comfort * E :Earnings * S :Speed * S :Service Want a savings account that transcends geographical boundaries?Presenting, Axis Bank's Easy Access Savings Acco unt. The account is an endeavor by the Bank to understand the consumers' needs and redefine banking to suit your requirements for a truly comfortable banking experience. Easy Access Savings Account gives you instant access to your money anywhere, anytime. Possessing a range of unmatched features, it has been devised to better suit the convenience of our eclectic client base. You can avail of all these services with a minimum quarterly average balance of Rs. 5,000 in metro or urban centers, Rs. ,500 in semi urban centers and Rs. 1,000 in rural centers. * At-par cheque * ATM Network * Anywhere Banking * Tele banking * iConnect * Mobile Banking * Quarterly account statement * Quarterly interest @ 3. 5 % per annum * Free monthly e-statement. You can avail of all these services with a minimum quarterly average balance of Rs. 5,000 in metro or urban centers, Rs. 2,500 in semi urban centers and Rs. 1,000 in rural centers. * CORPORATE SALARY ACCOUNT: – Our Corporate Salary Power Offe ring is designed to offer payroll solutions through in a 24 X 7 environment.We leverage on our extensive network of distribution channels spread across 450 centers through a network of more than 827 branches and 3595 ATMs besides our superior service delivery model and product features, as a strong differentiator, to provide value to the end user. * BENEFIT TO EMPLOYERS: – * Efficient salary disbursal. Web Upload – Transfer salaries/reimbursements directly from your current account with Axis Bank to your employee's accounts using I Connect from your office. * Single-instruction salary credit – Same day salary credits for all companies having Corporate Account with Axis Bank.Dedicated Relationship Manager at metro locations to understand the financial requirements of your employees. * BENEFIT TO EMPLOYEES: – * No minimum balance criteria. * Unparalleled Access – Anywhere banking facility through our network of Branches, ATM and Internet banking faci lity. * AT Par cheque books payable locally at all Axis Bank locations. * International Debit cum ATM cards with enhanced Cash withdrawal facility and other value add ones. * Online Banking with funds transfer, online shopping and bill payment options. * Depository services with free online trading accounts. Meal Cards on a master card platform. * Employee Reimbursement accounts as a savings account variant. Preferential pricing on loan products and credit cards and other banking products ; services. CURRENT ACCOUNT INFORMATION * CHANNEL ONE: (FOR SUCCESSFUL BUSINESSES) The ‘Channel One’ Current Account is an effort in that direction where we take care of your day to day banking requirements leaving you with more time for your business. Channel One Current Account is most appropriate choice of successful businesses. At a monthly Average Balance (MAB) of Rs. 10 lacks. FEATURES: 1.Relationship Manager 2. Doorstep Banking 3. Anywhere Banking 4. Free Internet Banking 5. Fre e 24 hour Tele banking 6. Mobile Banking Service 7. International debit card 8. cheque Protection Facility 9. Free 24 – hour cheque deposit facility 10. Payment of Government Taxes/ Dues 11. Foreign exchange services. * ZERO HASSLE BALANCE Small businesses rising on the growth graph need the right of nurturing and appropriate solution for their growing banking requirements. Recognizing these needs, Axis Bank present you the Local Current Account geared to answer all kinds of local business requirements.At a monthly Average Balance (MAB) of Rs. Nil. FEATURES: 1. Zero Balance facility 2. 75 free transactions every month 3. Rebate on Annual Charges 4. Up front Annual Fee 5. Mobile Banking 6. ATM cum International Debit Card 7. Free Internet Banking 8. Tele banking 9. Free Monthly Account Statement * BUILDERS AND REAL ESTATE Axis Bank understands the increasing demands on businesses in this segment . Here’s presenting the Axis Bank Builder ; Real Estate Current Account a c urrent account with unparalleled product features built to suit Builders ; Realtors exclusively.This account offers you unmatched convenience while adding financial value to your businesses spread over geographies. . At a monthly Average Balance (MAB) of Rs. 5 Lacks this account comes loaded with special facilities and benefits, most appropriate for your business. FEATURES: 1. Home Branch Cash Deposit 2. Non – Home Branch Cash Withdrawal 3. Free Anywhere Banking 4. Cluster facility 5. Zero Balance account for Vendors and Suppliers 6. Franking Facility 7. Customer cheque printing 8. Internet Banking 9. Free 24-hour Phone banking 0. Mobile Alerts 11. ATM cum Debit Card 12. Free Monthly Account Statement TRAINING AND WHOLE BANKING OPERATIONS * CORPORATES Corporate Banking reflects Axis Bank's strengths in providing our corporate clients in India, a wide array of commercial, transactional and electronic banking products. We achieve this through innovative product development and a well-integrated approach to relationship management. * Funded Services: Working Capital Finance, Bill Discounting, Export Credit, Short Term Finance, Structured Finance, Term Lending. Non Funded Services: Letter of Credit, Collection of Documents, Bank Guarantees. * Value Added Services: Syndication Services , Real Time Gross Settlement, Cash Management Services, Corporate Salary Accounts, Reimbursement Account, Bankers to Right/Public Issue, Forex Desk, Money Market Desk, Derivatives Desk, Employees Trusts, Cash Surplus Corporate, Tax Collection. * Internet Banking: Supply Chain Management, Corporate Internet Banking. SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES At Axis Bank we understand how much of hard work goes into establishing a successful SME.We also understand that your business is anything but â€Å"small† and as demanding as ever. And as your business expands and enters new territories and markets, you need to keep pace with the growing requests that come in, which may lead to purchasing new, or updating existing plant and equipment, or employing new staff to cope with the demand. That's why we at Axis Bank have assembled products, services, resources and expert advice to help ensure that your business excels.Solutions are designed to meet your varying needs. The following links will help you identify your individual needs. Funded Services: Funded Services from Axis Bank are meant to directly bolster the day-to-day working of a small and a medium business enterprise. From working capital finance to credit substitutes; from export credit to construction equipment loan we cater to virtually every business requirement of an SME. Click on the services below that best define your needs Non-Funded Services: Under Non-Funded services Axis Bank offers solutions that act as a catalyst to propel your business.Imagine a situation where you have a letter of credit and need finance against the same or you have a tender and you need to equip yourself with a guarantee i n order to go ahead. This is exactly where we can help you so that you don't face any roadblocks when it comes to your business. The following are the services that will precisely tell you what we can do Business Accounts, Letters of Credit, Collection of Documents, Axis Bank Trade, Guarantees, Cash Management Services, Money Market Desk, Derivatives Desk, Services to Cash Surplus Corporate, Services to Employee Trusts, Bankers to Rights/Public Issue, Tax Collection.Specialized Services: Axis Bank is one of the most trusted entities when it comes to specialized services like selling of precious metals to customers. Under specialized services you can also avail customized control of your value chain through our internet banking platform. Value Added Services: There is a plethora of services that we offer under value added services. There's corporate salary account which ensures smooth payment methods to your staff. You can avail an assortment of credit cards and debit cards from our merchant services.The following are the highlights of this service: Real Time Gross Settlement, Reimbursement Account, Custody Services, Corporate Salary Accounts, Merchant Services, Axis Bank Gold Business Credit Card. Internet Banking: Internet banking is a revolutionary service under the banking sector and Axis Bank is a forerunner in providing you with this service. We provide state-of-the-art payment gateway services to industries and companies in order to ease transaction processing. This in turn enhances the credibility of your business and makes banking extremely cost-efficient.GOVERNMENT SECTOR: Axis Bank acts as an active medium between the government and the customers by means of various services. These services include : * Tax Collection wherein customers can directly pay their taxes like Direct taxes, Indirect taxes and Sales Tax collections at their local Axis Bank * E-Ticketing – Helps the customer by providing him a direct access to book a Railway Ticket onli ne and get it home delivered * * Opening of L/C's is done by the bank on behalf of Government of India, Mints and Presses, thus facilitating imports for the Government. Collection of levies and taxes on behalf of Municipal Corporations i. e. Kalyan -Dombivli Municipal Corporation, is undertaken by the Bank. * Disbursement of Pension to retired Employees of Central Govt and Defense is directly done by Axis Bank along with the disbursement of pension to the members of EPFO (Employees Provident Fund Organization) * Electronic Collection of fees on behalf of DGFT is done by the bank too * Ministry of Corporate Affairs – Collection of ROC fees for the Ministry through authorized Branches and Net Banking.Collection of Property Tax through Selected Branches on behalf of Municipal Corporation of Delhi. FINDINGS AND SUGGESTIONS * FINDINGS: – 1. Bank is having 853 branches all over the country. 2. The number of branches should be increased. * SUGGESTIONS:- 1. Number of Branches should be increased covering a wider area in various states. 2. A wide publicity to be given about the organization and its products through various means of communications to keep growth moments. 3. More number of training and educational programmers’ should be included in Banks schedule. . Developing a learning culture through continuous learning process. COMPETETIORS * ICICI Bank Ltd. * HDFC Bank Ltd. * State Bank of India * HSBC Bank * RBS (Royal Bank of Scotland) * Maharashtra Bank of India * Canara Bank * Andhra Bank * IDBI bank * Bank of India * Punjab National Bank * Central Bank * Allahabad Bank * ING Vysya * Centurion Bank CONCLUSION Axis bank has developed manifold in short period of time due to facilities and services provided to their customer and this growth rate can be keep it up if they start to go in semi-urban areas.In last couple of years they have opened new many branches and they should open many more. The working staffs are very co-operative in nature an d due to that the bank will also get good benefit. Axis Bank has provided their customer Net-banking facilities and due to that transactions are done fast. Charges at Axis Bank are on lower side when we compare it with other Banks BIBLIOGRAPHY SR. NO. | REFERENCE| 1| * A New Beginning : The Turnaround Story Of Indian Bank| 2| * Bank Marketing : Concepts And Applications| | Banking And Finance| 4| Banking Developments in India| 5| Basics of Banking| 6| Bank leaflet and Boucher| 7| Internet| CONTENTS * INTRODUCTION TO AXIS BANK * HISTORY OF AXIS BANK * MANAGEMENT OF AXIS BANK * DEFINITION OF BANK * PRODUCT OF AXIS BANK * CUSTOMER SERVICE IN BANKING OPERATION * TRADITIONAL BANKING ACTIVITIES * ACCOUNTIG FOR BANK ACCOUNT * ECONOMIC FUNCTION * BANKING CHANNELS * TYPES OF INVESTMENT BANK * MORTGAGE BANKING * ORGANISATION STRUCTURE * FINDINGS AND SUGGETIONS * COMPETETIORS * CONCLUSION * BIBLIOGRAPHY