What Causes Cancer Mutations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What Causes Cancer Mutations - Essay Example As genes are the basic control machine of the cells, alteration of any kind may bring devastating consequences, or malignancy. When compared with the normal cells, where damage of any kind is taken care by the repair system, tumor cells do not have any repair mechanism for the damaged DNA and there is a constant proliferation of cells without displaying senescence hence, generating a series of abnormal cells, with altered cellular pathways for uncontrolled proliferation, figuring malignant tumors (Alberts 2007; Katzang et al. 2009). The Genesis of a Cancer Cell A normal cell turns into a cancer cell because of one or more mutations in its DNA, which can be inherited or acquired. Mutation is sudden abrupt changes that occur in the genetic material i.e. the DNA of the cell. This genetic material is facilitated by various agents called mutagens. Mutagens can be either physical agents such as UV radiations, X-rays etc or they could be some chemical agents which are capable of producing c hanges in the cell by reacting with cellular macromolecules. These chemical agents form bond with the cellular macromolecules, thereby alter their normal structures. If they combine with the genetic material, the peptide formation is affected. Thus, these mutagenic agents affect the normal well being of the cell and when such a defective cell replicates the cellular modification is also passed on. These cellular alterations may lead to cancer, where the carcinogenic agents (cancer causing) are capable of altering the cell division leading to the uncontrolled proliferation of the cell (Alberts 2007; Chemical Carcinogens, Web.). In case of the breast cancer, woman who inherits a single defective copy of either of these tumor suppressor genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 displays an augmented risk of developing breast cancer. However, carcinogenesis is a complex, multistage process, usually involving more than one genetic change. Other epigenetic factors responsible for carcinogenesis involve epige netic factors, such as level of hormones in the body, exposure to carcinogens and tumor promoting agents. These epigenetic factors do not produce cancer by themselves but enhances the likelihood of genetic mutation(s) resulting in cancer (Katzang et al. 2009). These genetic changes are categorized as - A. The activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes: Proto-oncogenes are the normal genes present in the cells and are responsible for controlling cell division, cell differentiation and apoptosis. A triggering factor such as a virus or exposure to any carcinogen brings malignant changes in the cell. B. The inactivation of tumor suppressor genes: A cell has the mechanism to protect itself from uncontrolled proliferation and tumor formation due to expression of genes called tumor suppressor genes. These genes possess the ability to suppress malignant changes and are also referred as antioncogenes. Mutation in proto-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes results in the proliferation of tumor . Thus, a loss of function of tumor suppressor genes can be the critical event in carcinogenesis (Rang et al. 2007; Katzang 2009). More than 30 tumor suppressor genes as well as more than 100 dominant oncogenes have been found to be associated with various types of cancers (Rang et al. 2007). Characteristics of Cancer cells The genetic basis of cancer has been revealed through numerous animal models. The Cancer Genome Atlas aims at methodically differentiating the configurational source of cancer, through recognition of the genomic mutations linked with every cancer form. A corresponding progress and description forms the basis of understanding growth and external appearance of the cancer or tumor called the phenotype of the cancer, is essential for designing drugs that can

Computer Security Risk for Home Users Essay Example for Free

Computer Security Risk for Home Users Essay This history of computers started long before it emerges in the 20th century. Computer was a man made device that acts as string from mechanical inventions and mathematical theories towards the modern concepts and machines formed a major academic ground and the basis that became a worldwide phenomenon. It is true that any great invention that is created to solve human lives will always have its negative side that will serve as a prey to embellish and cause catastrophic impact in a perfect device. As computer became to replace human brains, business partners, our media devices, our financial advisors, connection to the world and computer has also became our number one security threat. According to the class textbook, â€Å"A computer security risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of damage to computer hardware, software, data, information, or processing capability.† (Vermaat, 2010) Some of these security risks have caused users millions of dollars due to identity theft and at the same time computer has helped law enforcement agent captured convicted felons. Computer Security risk can be classified into two main categories which are computer crimes and cybercrimes. Computer crime involves knowingly interfering with computer security which involves a deliberate act against the law and cyber crime is defined as â€Å"Traditionally, crime has been defined as an intentional violation of the legal code that is punishable by the state†. (Vermaat, 2010) Cybercrime has become a serious crime and the FBI as include this into their top three priorities. The perpetrator of cybercrime and computer crimes has fall into seven basic categories which are hacker, cracker, Script Kiddie, corporate spy, unethical employee, cyber extortionist, and cyber terrorist. Home users are mostly exposed to security threats today because they do not have the financial means to protect themselves and also home users think their level of vulnerability is small. â€Å"While the risks to standard home computer users are not as catastrophic in cost as those of small businesses and home office computer users, they are still substantial enough to not ignore. The cost in lost data, missed emails, and possibly the theft of your identity all are significant enough to warrant consideration.† (EITS, 2008) It is better to spend few dollars now to take proactive measures to protect your computer and its information will out weight the time it will take to recover from the losses you likely will suffer without an adequate protection. There are several typical technical issues and risks involving computer networks and computer users. One of which is a commonly used term called computer â€Å"virus†. A computer virus is potentially negative and damaging computer programs that affects or infect a computer negatively by altering the way the computer works without the user’s knowledge or permission. Once the virus infects the computer, it can spread throughout the computer and damage important programs and folders in the operating system. Another computer threat for home users is a â€Å"worm†. The book defines a worm as a â€Å"program that copies itself repeatedly, for example in memory of on the network, using up resources and possibly shutting down the computer or network†. The third computer threat for home users is a â€Å"Trojan horse† this type of attack is derived and named after the Greek myth and its define as â€Å"a program that hides within or look like a legitimate program. A certain condition or action usually triggers the Trojan horse. Unlike a virus or worm, Trojan horse does not replicate itself to other computers.† (Vermaat, 2010) The last known computer or network risk for home users is â€Å"rootkit† define as â€Å"a program that hides in a computer and allows someone from a remote location to take full control of the computer. Once the rootkit is installed author can execute programs, change setting, monitor activity and access files on the remote computer†. (Vermaat, 2010) How to safeguard against Computer viruses and other Malware: Home users can take several precautions to help prevent intruders into their personal home computers and mobile devices from malicious infections. These programs can help detect problem that might affect home computers before they occur. Install a quality antivirus application such as, AVG, McAfee, Norton, and Avira antivirus programs are sufficient enough to protect a computer against virus and spyware infections. Some of these antivirus programs are provided for free, however may not be sufficient enough to protect a computer from virus and spyware infections â€Å"Pro-grade antivirus programs update more frequently throughout the day thereby providing timely protection against fast-emerging vulnerabilities, protect against a wider range of threats such as rootkits, and enable additional protective features such as custom scans.† Install real-time anti-spyware protection is a way to have a real time program on a computer that will help protect against the skyrocketing number of spyware threats on a timely manner. Free antivirus program do not provide a real-time protection against Trojan and other spyware and that is why a fully paid antivirus protection is recommended. This fully paid program can detect problems before it occurs. Keeping anti-malware applications current is another way to protect a computer against viruses or malware. â€Å"Antivirus and anti-spyware programs require regular signature and database updates. Without these critical updates, anti-malware programs are unable to protect PCs from the latest threats. In early 2009, antivirus provider AVG released statistics revealing that a lot of serious computer threats are secretive and fast-moving. Many of these infections are short-lived, but they’re estimated to infect as many as 100,000 to 300,000 new Web sites a day. Computer users must keep their antivirus and anti-spyware applications up to date. All Windows users must take measures to prevent license expiration, thereby ensuring that their anti-malware programs stay current and continue providing protection against the most recent threats. Those threats now spread with alarming speed, thanks to the popularity of such social media sites as Twitter, Facebook, and My Space† (Eckel, 2009) Once an antivirus has been installed on a device it is crucial to perform a daily scans. This can be programmed directly by the owner to either perform a scan on a hourly bases, daily or monthly bases. â€Å"The sheer number and volume of potential and new threats make it inevitable that particularly inventive infections will outsmart security software. In other cases, users may inadvertently instruct anti-malware software to allow a virus or spyware program to run.† (Eckel, 2009) Don’t click on email links or attachments it’s a tune most every Windows user has heard repeatedly: If an email link looks fishy, most likely it is, don’t click it. Antivirus software will trigger a warning sign if a link appears to be dangerous to a computer system. Sometimes a â€Å"distracted, trustful of friends or colleagues they know, or simply fooled by a crafty email message, many users forget to be wary of links and attachments included within email messages, regardless of the source. Simply clicking on an email link or attachment can, within minutes, corrupt Windows, infect other machines, and destroy critical data. Users should never click on email attachments without at least first scanning them for viruses using a business-class anti-malware application. As for clicking on links, users should access Web sites by opening a browser and manually navigating to the sites in question.† (Eckel, 2009) The quote that says â€Å"protection is better than cure† makes perfect sense even in the computer work. The only way to protect a computer is by playing it safe. Invest a little after a purchase of a PC by buying a powerful antivirus protection to protect the PC from intruders. It is also very important to be very watchful of the type of programs you download or upload into the system. One of the advantages of having that extra protection for a PC is the auto scan option that’s offered by the antivirus program. The software will automatically scan all the files or virus that might cause a negative impact on the computer. Bibliography Eckel, E. (2009, June 19). 10 ways to avoid viruses and spyware. Retrieved November 6, 2012, from A ZDNet Web Site: www.techrepublic.com EITS. (2008). Retrieved November 6, 2012, from entsols: www.entsols.com Finnie, T., Petee, T., Javis, J. (2010, September 22). Future Challenges of Cybercrime. Volume 5: Proceedings of the Futures Working Group , pp. 5-7. Vermaat, G. B. (2010). Discovering Computers Microsoft Office 2010. Boston: Course Technology Cengage Brain.

Audio Recording Essay -- audio sound

Thomas Edison was responsible for the first audio recording back in 1877, using a phonograph to record the impressions into a tin-wrapped cylinder. He promptly applied for a patent, and was granted one the next February. This first model held the field for a few years, until 1881, when Charles Tainter in Volta Labs developed the first lateral-cut records (similar to the vinyl records we’re familiar with). Unfortunately, he had not developed a method of playback, just recording. This held until 1885, when Tainter cooperated with Chichester Bell to create vertically-cut cylinders coated in wax as the medium for the new recording practice. These had the unfortunate downside of being exceedingly fragile. Finally, in 1887 Emile Berliner developed another gramophone using a lateral-cut medium. This method had the added bonus of being easily duplicated through electroplating. These three models competed in the market until later that year, when Edison developed a battery-powered version of his gramophone. That same year, Berliner developed his means of mass-production, copying onto hard rubber. All gramophones at this point had a capacity of a few minutes per disc. In 1889, the Columbia Phonograph Company was organized (grandpappy to the modern Columbia Music), who was also the first publisher of a music catalog. The next year saw the fielding of the first jukebox, which pulled in over $1000 (in 1890!) in its first six months. 1893 saw the boom of Berliner’s model, to which ends he incorporated the Berliner Gramophone Co. A few years later he discovered a new shellac that proved a better medium than rubber. Around the same time, 1894 to be exact, the world saw Marconi’s first radio, which he promptly took to America and... ...han PCM tend to be susceptible to data loss because they reference the previous measurement and merely indicate the change between them. This is typically solved by enclosing multiple copies of the data in a single file. Although it defies common sense, it is actually more efficient to record a particular sound byte in ADPCM and enclose, say, four copies, than it is to encode a single PCM copy. Sources: Digital Recording Techniques – http://www.digital-recordings.com/publ/pubrec.html Giancoli, Physics Principles with Applications, 5-E Chapter 12 -- Applications – http://cwx.prenhall.com/giancoli/chapter12/essay2/deluxe-content.html HyperPhysics Concepts - http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/soucon.html Recording Technology History - http://history.acusd.edu/gen/recording/notes.html Sound - http://www.smgaels.org/physics/sound_1.htm

For Whom The Bell Tolls(term-paper) -- essays research papers fc

When reading an Ernest Hemingway novel, one must try very hard to focus on the joy and encouragement found in the work. For Whom the Bell Tolls is full of love and beauty, but is so greatly overshadowed by this lingering feeling of doom--a feeling that does not let you enjoy reading, for you are always waiting for the let down, a chance for human nature to go horribly awry. This feeling is broken up into three specific areas. In Ernest Hemingway's novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, humanity is exploited through brutal violence, unnecessary courage, and hopeless futility. Hemingway has the uncanny gift of imagery, and he possesses a brilliant mastery of the English language. He is adept at manipulating words and weaving complex sentences; furthermore, "Meticulous description takes its place†¦For Hemingway†¦description is definition." (Tanner 228) All of this genius can show the ultimate beauty and grace of existence, but the flipside to that is the same devices used to show all of the wonder and greatness in life can also be used to show to many hardships and painful truths we must endure, such as violence and gory injustices: â€Å"Then some one hit the drunkard a great blow alongside the head with a flail and he fell back, and lying on the ground, he looked up at the man who had hit him and then shut his eyes and crossed his hands on his chest, and lay there beside Don Anastasio as though he were asleep. The man did not hit him again and he lay there and he was still there when they picked up Don Anastasio and put him with the others in the cart that hauled them all over to the cliff where they were thrown over that evening with the others after there had been a cleaning up in the Ayuntamiento.† (Hemingway 126). The mob-violence that is portrayed in that passage is one inspired by ignorance, weak wills, and alcohol. All through Pilar and Robert Jordan’s flashbacks, one cannot help but be overwhelmed with feelings of disgust towards humankind. These stories are not uncommon, either. Most of the people fighting against the fascists in this novel have similar stories. It is absolutely horrid to hear these anecdotes in which people tell in great detail how they saw their parents, siblings, cousins, and so on, die is extremely heart wrenching ways. One little girls family was murdered in a particular... ...rible situation comes along to undermine the reader’s faith in human nature. From his meticulously descriptive anecdotes, to his realist narratives, in his novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, Ernest Hemingway exploits humanity through brutal violence, unnecessary courage, and hopeless futility. Works Cited Frohok, W.M. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway—The River and the Hawk.† The Novel of Violence in America. Mississippi: Beacon, 1957. 166-98. Hemingway, Ernest. For Whom the Bell Tolls. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1940. 1-471. Howe, Irving. A World More Attractive: A View of Modern Literature and Politics. New York: Horizon Press, 1963. 65-70. Tanner, Stephen L. â€Å"Hemingway’s Islands.† Southwest Review. Winster: Southern Methodist University Press, 1976. 74-84. Tanner, Tony. â€Å"Ernest Hemingway’s Unhurried Sensations.† The Wave of Wonder: Naivety and Reality in American Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1965. 228-57. Villapiano, Gavino. Interview. Off-Camera Conversation with my Father. By Nicholas Gavino Villapiano. New Jersey: 1999. 1-2 Wain, John. â€Å"The Conflict of Forms in Contemporary English Literature.† Essays on Literature and Ideas. St. Martins: Macmillan, 1963. 230-35

Effects of Having a Boyfriend/Girlfriend Essay

Introduction Do you know what the use of boyfriend/girlfriend? As a student , do you keep on falling in love? Being love by someone can help the student to admire life? Significance of the study This study is about the negative and positive effectiveness of having a boyfriend/girlfriend and its part can be a self concern to enhance the capacity of the students to learn in balancing their time in having a boyfriend/girlfriend, This is a small contribution to the students concerning about its self. The goal of this research paper is to help the students to see how the lovelife can change their life , whether positive or negative. The paper is also designed to gather the opinion of the students on how they look at their love life. The output of this project can be a source material for future improvement. Statement of the Problem see more:effects of having a romantic relationship while studying This study intends to investigate the negative and positive effectivity of having a boyfriend/girlfriend to junior students of St. Thomas Academy Specifically , this study aims to answer the following questions: a.) Does having a boyfriend/girlfriend help them a lot? b.) Does it affect their life here at school or outside of the school? c.) Do their behavior change when they feel love? d.) Are they aware of the consequences of having a boyfriend/girlfriend will bring? e.) Do they understand the true meaning of love in their boyfriend/girlfriend? Scope and limitation of the study The scope of this study are the juniors or the 3rd year students of St. Thomas Academy. The researcher chose them because as far as the researcher see almpst all of the 3rd year students are having a boyfriend/girlfriend. The respondents have more experience in having it. The limitation of this study are only those students ithat are already have or already had a bf/gf and they are the only who are allowed to participate in the research.

Description of Global Positioning System Device

Description of Global Positioning System Device Many computer technologies are useful in communication of data or information that is essential for decision making pertaining to specific issues or concerns. The major technologies that find relevancies in technical communication are Global Positioning System (GPS) device, MP3 player, waste electrical and electronic equipment, automobile jack, and camera phone. This paper gives a general description of GPS device to enlighten the general public and other interested professionals.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Description of Global Positioning System Device specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More GPS is a radio-navigation system that is set in space and managed by the U.S. Department of Defense and Transportation. Image 1 shows the positions of the various satellites that constitute the GPS. It has been used for accurate determination of positions on the surface of the Earth (Combrink, Combrinck and Moraal 436). It was in itially invented as an enhancement system for the military forces and still serves this purpose as well as the others. Notwithstanding, it also has an adequate capacity to serve the civilian population in large numbers and variety of applications (Arnold, par. 16). According to Arnold (par. 17), the GPS is comprised of three fragments, namely, space fragment, control fragment and user fragment. The space fragment uses 24 satellites suspending in 6 orbital planes. Each satellite rotates around a 20,200km orbit which is inclined at 55 degrees, and completes the rotation in 12 hours. The configurations of the satellites in respective orbits are set in such a way that at least five are within the view of a user at any place on Earth in conjunction with Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) of six satellites or less. PDOP is a quality measure of the relative configuration of the satellites as shown in figure 1. PDOP is inversely proportional to the degree of evenness in terms of spacing around the sky, so that the more evenly spaced the 24 satellite are, the lower PDOP is. It can be said to be perfect when a satellite situates overhead the user with other three satellites located at 1200 intervals just over the horizon from the user (Arnold, par. 18). Combrink et al. (436) assert that thousands of stationary and mobile receivers also constitute the GPS. Image 1. GPS constellation; expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance StandardAdvertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More (GPS Constellation (Expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance Standard)) The decrease in precision defines a root mean square estimation of the affect that position solution geometry imposes on positions faults. The experts managing the system can assess geometry affects in four different positions, namely, time position (TDOP), 3-D position (PDOP) , vertical position (VDOP), and horizontal position (HDOP). Arnold (par. 19) points out that the GPS control fragment comprises 5 monitoring stations and 3 ground antennas, which transmit radio or other signals to receivers in the communication satellites in space or aircraft within the atmosphere. The monitoring posts adopt GPS receivers to track every satellite within its scope of view and collect assorted data from the satellites signals. The information dispatched from the various monitoring posts is processed at a larger station, Master Control Station (MCS), located in proximity to the Colorado Springs Colo. It is done to establish satellite clock and orbits profiles in order to update the navigational information of individual satellite. Image 2 a. GPS Block II/IIA Satellite. 2 b. Satellite operators at the MCS, Schriever Air Force Base (GPS Block II/IIA satellite and Satellite operators at the master control station, Schriever Air Force Base)Advertising We will writ e a custom essay sample on Description of Global Positioning System Device specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The user fragment of the GPS includes a range of integration and configurations architectures that encompass a receiver-pre-processor and an antenna to jointly receive and process navigational solutions to give a user positioning, velocity, and exact timing (Delaney 62). Arnold, James A. Surface Transportation and Global Positioning System Improvements: L5 and DGPS. Public Roads 61.4 (1998): 2. Academic Search Complete. Web. http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/ehost/detail?sid=35d51614-ed5c-44bb-a7a3-b70236f42dca%40sessionmgr112vid=1hid=102bdata=JkF1dGhUeXBlPXVybCxpcCx1aWQmc2l0ZT1laG9zdC1saXZl#db=a9hAN=345976 Combrink, A. Z. A., W. L. Combrinck, and H. Moraal. Near Real-Time Detection of Atmospheric Water Vapour Using the SADC GPS Network. South African Journal of Science 100.9/10 (2004): 436-442. Academic Search Com plete. PDF file. 14 Feb. 2014. ascau.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c9f6d8d9-fb93-45be-9bf2-03112b49735e%40sessionmgr113vid=1hid=102 Delaney, John. GPS: Yesterday and Tomorrow. PC Magazine 20.7 (2001): 62. Academic Search Complete. PDF file. 14 Feb. 2014. http://0-eds.b.ebscohost.com.aupac.lib.athabascau.ca/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=13af7390-d31e-4162-9b49-11256c00bc8e%40sessionmgr115vid=1hid=102 GPS Block II/IIA satellite. 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014 gps.gov/multimedia/images/II-IIA.jpg. GPS Constellation (Expandable 24-slot configuration, as defined in SPS Performance Standard). 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014. gps.gov/multimedia/images/constellation.jpg. Satellite operators at the master control station, Schriever Air Force Base. 31 Jan. 2014. JPEG file. 14 Feb. 2014gps.gov/multimedia/images/2SOPS-crew.jpg.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More

Biography of Pedro Alonso Lopez, Monster of the Andes

Biography of Pedro Alonso Lopez, Monster of the Andes Pedro Alonzo Lopez (born October 8, 1948) was responsible for the murders of over 350 children, yet in 1998 he was set free despite his vows to kill again. Rumors regarding his whereabouts have swirled since the late 1990s. Fast Facts: Pedro Alonzo Lopez Known For: Serial killer, responsible for the brutal murders of over 350 childrenAlso Known As: Monster of the AndesBorn: October 8, 1948Parents: Midardo Reyes, Benilda Là ³pez De CastenedaNotable Quote: They Never Scream. They Expect Nothing. They Are Innocent. Early Years Lopez was born on October 8, 1948, in Tolima, Colombia, a time when the country was in political turmoil and crime was rampant. He was the seventh of 13 children born to a Colombian prostitute. When Lopez was eight, his mother caught him touching his sisters breast, and she kicked him out of the house forever. Trust Me, Trust Me Not Lopez became a beggar on the violent Colombian streets. He was soon approached by a man who sympathized with the boys situation and offered him a safe home and food to eat. Lopez, desperate and hungry, did not hesitate and went with the man. Instead of going to a comfortable home, he was taken to an abandoned building and repeatedly sodomized and returned to the street. During the attack, Lopez angrily vowed he would do the same to as many little girls that he could, a promise he later kept. After being raped by the pedophile, Lopez became paranoid of strangers, hiding during the day and scavenging for food at night. Within a year he left  Tolima  and wandered to the town of Bogota. An American couple reached out to him after feeling pity for the thin boy begging for food. They brought him to their home and enrolled him in a school for orphans, but when he was 12, a male teacher molested him. Shortly afterward, Lopez stole money and fled back into the streets. Prison Life Lopez, lacking in education and skill, survived on the streets by begging and committing petty thievery. His stealing advanced to car theft, and he was paid well when he sold the stolen cars to chop shops. He was arrested at the age of 18 for car theft and sent to prison. After a few days of being there, he was gang-raped by four prisoners. The anger and rage he experienced as a child rose inside him again, consuming him. He made another vow to himself; to never be violated again. Lopez got his revenge for the rape by killing three of the four men responsible. Authorities added two years to his sentence, deeming his actions as self-defense. During his incarceration, he had time to revisit his life, and a quiet rage toward his mother became monstrous. He also dealt with his sexual needs by browsing pornographic magazines. Between his prostitute mother and the pornography, Lopezs only knowledge of women fed his demented hatred for them. Release and Rearrest In 1978, Lopez was released from prison, moved to Peru, and began kidnapping and killing young Peruvian girls. He was caught by a group of Indians and tortured, buried up to his neck in the sand, but was later freed and deported to Ecuador. Experiencing near death did not influence his murderous ways and his killing of young girls continued. The increase of missing girls was noticed by authorities, but it was concluded that they had likely been kidnapped by child peddlers and sold as sex slaves. In April 1980, a flood exposed the bodies of four murdered children, and the Ecuadorian authorities realized there was a serial murderer at large. Shortly after the flood, Lopez was caught trying to abduct a young girl after the child’s mother intervened. The police could not get Lopez to cooperate, so they enlisted the help of a local priest, dressed him as a prisoner, and placed him in a cell with Lopez. The trick worked. Lopez was quick to share his brutal crimes with his new cellmate. Lopez Confesses When confronted by the police about the crimes he shared with his cellmate, Lopez broke down and confessed. His memory of his crimes was very clear, which was remarkable since he confessed to killing at least 110 children in Ecuador, more than 100 more in Colombia, and another 100 in Peru. Lopez admitted that he would walk the streets looking for innocent girls who he would lure away with the promise of gifts. Lopez often brought the girls to prepared graves, sometimes filled with the dead bodies of other girls he had killed. He would calm the child with soft reassuring words throughout the night. At sunrise he would rape and strangle them, satisfying his sick sexual needs as he watched their eyes fade as they died. He never killed at night because he could not see his victims eyes and felt, without that element, the murder was a waste. In Lopezs confession, he told of having tea parties and playing morbid games with the deceased children. He would prop them up in their graves and talk to them, convincing himself that his little friends liked the company. But when the dead children failed to answer, he would become bored and go off to find another victim. Monster of the Andes The police found his ghastly confession hard to believe, so Lopez agreed to take them to the graves of the children. More than 53 bodies were found, which was enough for the investigators to take him at his word. The public renamed him Monster of the Andes as more information about his crimes became known. For his crimes of raping, killing, and mutilating over 100 children, Lopez received a sentence of life in prison. Lopez never showed remorse for his crimes. In a prison interview with journalist Ron Laytner, he said if he ever got out of prison he would happily return to killing young children. The pleasure he received from his demented acts of murder overpowered any sense of right from wrong, and he admittedly looked forward to the opportunity to wrap his hands around the throat of his next child. Second Release No one was concerned that Lopez would have the opportunity to kill again. If paroled from the prison in Ecuador, he would still have to stand trial for his murders in Colombia and Peru. But after 20 years of solitary confinement, in the summer of 1998, it is said that Lopez was taken in the middle of the night to the Colombia border and released. Neither Colombia or Peru had the money to bring the madman to justice. Whereabouts Unknown Whatever happened to The Monster of the Andes is unknown. Many suspect and hope that one of the many bounties offered for his death eventually paid off and that he is dead. If Lopez has escaped his enemies and is still alive, there is little doubt that he has returned to his old ways. Sources Pearson, Nick. â€Å"Worlds Second Worst Serial Killer Walked Free from Prison.†Ã‚  9News Breaking News, 9News, 5 Dec. 2018.Serena, Katie. â€Å"Serial Killer Who Murdered 300 People Was Released From Jail, And No One Knows Where He Is.†Ã‚  All Thats Interesting, 30 Nov. 2018.â€Å"The Monster Of The Andes: South American Serial Killer Pedro Lopez.†Ã‚  Did You Know?, 17 July 2017.

nothing essays

nothing essays I found this on a message board and decided to try it. A little while back, I was browsing through newsgroups and came across an article similar to this that said you could make thousands of dollars within weeks with only an initial investment of $6.00! So I thought, "Yeah right, this must be a scam", but like most of us, I was curious, so I kept reading. Anyway, it said that you send $1.00 to each of the 6 names and address stated in the article. You then place your own name and address in the bottom of the list at #6, and post the article in at least 200 newsgroups. (There are thousands) No catch, that was it. So after thinking it over, and talking to a few people first, I thought about trying it. I figured: "what have I got to lose except 6 stamps and $6.00, right?" Then I invested the measly $6.00. Well GUESS WHAT!!... Within 7 days, I started getting money in the mail! I was shocked! I figured it would end soon, but the money just kept coming in. In my first week, I made about $25.00. By the end of the second week I had made a total of over $1,000.00! In the third week I had over $10,000.00 and it's still growing. This is now my fourth week and I have made a total of just over $42,000.00 and it's still coming in rapidly. It's certainly worth $6.00, and 6 stamps. Let me tell you how this works and most importantly, why it works.... Also, make sure you print a copy of this article NOW, so you can get the information off of it as you need it. I promise you that if you follow the directions exactly, that you will start making more money than you thought possible by doing something so easy! Suggestion: Read this entire message carefully! (print it out or download it.) Follow the simple directions and watch the money come in! It's easy. It's legal. And, your investment is only $6.00 (Plus postage) IMPORTANT: This is not unethical ; it is not indecent; it is not illegal; and it is virtually no risk - it really works!!!! If all of the f...

Measuring and Managing Foreign Exchange Risk Dissertation

Measuring and Managing Foreign Exchange Risk - Dissertation Example Although a firm may hedge its foreign exchange contracts, limiting its transaction exposure, economic exposure is difficult to estimate and further, hedge. Economic exposure arises because future profits from operating as importer or exporter depend on exchange rates, and due to its nature, this type of exposure is difficult to mute. (Faff & Iorio 2001, Mullem & Verschoor). (Mullem & Verschoor, 2005). However, there is greater complexity between the relationship between exchange rate fluctuations and competitiveness and this leads to difficulty in correctly estimating economic exposure and hence hedging it efficiently (Mullem & Verschoor, 2005). Firms that do business abroad must be ready to account for changes in exchange rates that lead to variability in their cash flows. (Solt & Lee, 2001). Transaction exposure reflects the risk that exchange rates change between the time a transaction is recorded and the time actual receipt of cash or payment of cash is made. (Solt & Lee, 2001). Due to its short-term nature futures and forwards can be used to hedge transaction exposure and thereby eliminate its influence on the value of a firm. (Solt & Lee, 2001). Economic exposure, on the other hand, is the long-term effect of exchange rate changes on the future cash flows and thereby on stock returns. (Solt & Lee, 2001).

Management Accounting - World Class Manufacturing Essay

Management Accounting - World Class Manufacturing - Essay Example Current trends emphasize world class manufacturing (WCM) which highlights maximum manufacturing efficiency in businesses, and customer and workforce satisfaction. WCM is regarded as "manufacturing systems which demonstrates best industry practice( World Class Manufacturing)." Accordingly, a world class manufacturer is a firm which displays excellence in key competitive points like quality, price, delivery speed, delivery reliability, flexibility and innovation. Its main features is the utilization of a total quality management (TQM) approach, highly flexible and motivated workforce, Just-in-Time (JIT) manufacturing philosophy, and the pursuit of satisfying customers at a global level. Consistent with the goal of a world class manufacturer, TQM denotes a set of management practices within the organization which are implemented to ensure the quality of products and services offered. The primary goal of TQM is the production of commodities which consistently meets or even exceeds customer requirements. This feature of world class manufacturing emphasizes process measurement and controls to pursue continuous improvement (John Stark Associates 2000). However, TQM does not just involve the production system or processes of the company but embraces the whole operation of a manufacturing business. Implementing TQM involves modifying the whole organization as it has strong bearing on the culture, attitude, and organization of the company. TQM culture requires the unmatched quality in all aspects of the company's operations "with things being done right first time, and defects and waste eradicated from operations (John Stark Associates 2000)." Important aspects of TQM incl ude customer-driven quality, top management leadership and commitment, continuous improvement, fast response, actions based on facts, employee participation, and a TQM culture (John Stark Associates 2000). A flexible and highly motivated workforce is another essential feature of WCM. As discussed above, WCM as opposed to the traditional manufacturing implements a totally innovative approach in operations which has a huge impact on employees. WCM needs a flexible workforce as these employees will not handle production in the traditional assembly line. WCM often requires teams which work together to finish an output. Specialization of jobs is often displaced in WCM replaced by "job enrichment." This new approach is intended to eliminate boredom and lessen employee dissatisfaction. Job enrichment is geared to "expand the scope of the job with a greater variety of tasks, vertical in nature, that require self-sufficiency (Mione 2005)." Thus, in WCM it is imperative that employees are flexible to take on a more responsibilities. Motivation is also increased as jobs are "enriched" and employees become are empowered. Motivation, in turn is a great factor in the success of WCM. In this new manu facturing approach, employees need to be motivated to excel in their job to produce the best job results. A highly flexible and motivated workforce results into a high quality product which is the main goal of WCM. JIT is a manufacturing philosophy which aims to

Doxeys Irridex Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Doxeys Irridex Model - Assignment Example Still, it is recognized that there is minimal planning involved. An example of this occurs in regions where organized gambling becomes prohibited and casinos are opened; during the short-term residents enjoy the significant influx of income to the region. The second stage of the model is the apathy stage. During this stage, visitors are taken for granted and they become viewed as an opportunity for money-making. One recognizes that an example of this may occur in regions such as Orlando, Florida where the regular influx of tourists for the theme parks has become a common-place mean for local residents to profit. The third stage of Doxey’s Irridex Model is the annoyance phase. During this stage the residents of the tourist region have become annoyed with the influx of tourists, particularly during the peak season. This high amount of tourists is such that the residents’ regular course of activities is disrupted and there is a significant annoyance they correspondingly ex perience. One considers that this occurs in college towns with significant football programs. During the peak period of the season the influx of the tourists to view the game can eventually create a significant annoyance for local residents and a community that did not adequately plan for the incursion. The fourth stage of Doxey’s Irridex Model is the antagonism phase. During the antagonism phase open irritation occurs. This open irritation is espoused by residents who blame the tourists for increased levels of crime, traffic, and other problems that have overtaken the region. Still, during this phase their remains limited regional planning involved that accommodate the higher amount of tourists. The region implements more promotion to encourage tourists to off-set the feeling they may have of being cheated. One considers that regions of France may be in annoyance phase, as residents in this area have gained a significant reputation for being rude to visiting tourists and for eigners.

Final work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final work - Essay Example We detail phonemic inventories, phonotactics, Inflectional morphology and simple sentences in the language studied. We also discuss about pragmatics of wordplay and question formation strategies. The language chosen here is called Pitjantjatjara. It is from central Australia and it is a dialect of the Western Desert Language (Andrew).this is because of its interestingness and its similarity to my language Sei. My consonant inventory consist bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar, uvular, and glottal. There is Glottal, Uvular and Labiodental in my language which are not there in Pitjantjatjara. However both Pitjantjatjara and Sei do have Plosives, Nasals and Bilabials. It has 20 constants, 20 vowels from front to back and from close to open. In â€Å"sei†, onsets are required and complex onset are allowed. For instance, the word [Ê‹É ¸y], which means water in English can be CCV and CC is the onset is the nucleus. In this case complex onsets are allowed in â€Å"sei†. Polar questions are the questions want more complex answers other than yes or no. Content questions are the questions that use â€Å"what† to ask the question (Bischoff and Fountain). In my language, polar questions are similar to those in English. However, content questions in my language we put â€Å"what† in front of the sentence instead of the beginning. For example: In this paper my goal was to understand linguistics and I have focused on the key aspects of linguistics. I have focused on the sound system, morphology and syntax and question formation and pragmatics. From these chapters I feel I know linguistics and I realize that every language is dynamic and

Emergency Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emergency Plan - Research Paper Example Emergency management process helps an organization or a society to reduce or mitigate the effect of disaster or an emergency. Emergency management includes training, planning, inspecting, conducting drills and testing equipment. Facility co-ordination and community wide activities are other major components of emergency management processes. Emergency management consideration describes several major operational functions. These functions can be considered as emergency management elements. These are direction and control, communications, property protection, life safety, recovery and restoration, community outreach, and administration and logistics. This report will describe all the emergency management elements in terms of Richard Facility Management. Resource management, information analysis and decision making system in an emergency is referred as direction and control. The configuration of a specific direction and control system is contingent upon several factors. Richard Facility management has own emergency medical technicians, fire team and expert hazardous material team. The emergency management group of this facility management organization is responsible for the broad picture. This group manages and controls all the incident related activities. On the other hand, the incident commander monitors technical aspects of the desired responses. This emergency management group supports the incident commander through effective resource allocation process. The emergence management group of Richard facility Management organization is controlled by the emergency director. The emergency director of this organization holds the post of facility manager. The facility manager controls and commands all the aspects of several disasters or emergencies, such as fire, flood, tornado, workplace hazards and several critical accidents. Senior managers within the organization have the authority to

Final work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final work - Essay Example We detail phonemic inventories, phonotactics, Inflectional morphology and simple sentences in the language studied. We also discuss about pragmatics of wordplay and question formation strategies. The language chosen here is called Pitjantjatjara. It is from central Australia and it is a dialect of the Western Desert Language (Andrew).this is because of its interestingness and its similarity to my language Sei. My consonant inventory consist bilabial, labiodental, alveolar, retroflex, palatal, velar, uvular, and glottal. There is Glottal, Uvular and Labiodental in my language which are not there in Pitjantjatjara. However both Pitjantjatjara and Sei do have Plosives, Nasals and Bilabials. It has 20 constants, 20 vowels from front to back and from close to open. In â€Å"sei†, onsets are required and complex onset are allowed. For instance, the word [Ê‹É ¸y], which means water in English can be CCV and CC is the onset is the nucleus. In this case complex onsets are allowed in â€Å"sei†. Polar questions are the questions want more complex answers other than yes or no. Content questions are the questions that use â€Å"what† to ask the question (Bischoff and Fountain). In my language, polar questions are similar to those in English. However, content questions in my language we put â€Å"what† in front of the sentence instead of the beginning. For example: In this paper my goal was to understand linguistics and I have focused on the key aspects of linguistics. I have focused on the sound system, morphology and syntax and question formation and pragmatics. From these chapters I feel I know linguistics and I realize that every language is dynamic and

Human Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human Sexuality - Essay Example Humans in particular select mates on the basis of competition with other males to have held of the female or for choice of similar interests (Films Media Group). It should be noted that even scientists have proved that the mate selection among humans and bonobon have relatively similar mate selection behavior. Humans tend to enjoy sexual intercourse with a mate who is more reactive. In particular, female animals are more selective like female humans. Also, male bonobon would undertake sexual intercourse for relaxing or becoming friendly. Similar behavior is found among humans as well in terms of sexual intercourse. Humans would enjoy sexual intercourse if both the mates are able to enjoy different positions such as missionary, dog style or more which are broadly used among bonbons as well (Frans). Bonobon would select female bonobon who are more swelled (estrus period) which means that they are more receptive in terms of sexual intercourse. This is common among humans as well women tend to be more receptive of sex when they are close to their ovulation. This may be indicated by the hormonal urges and the feelings that would make them more persistent. Also, it has been observed that sexual selection does not involve the next kin to be involved in the sex for natural reasons. This is common among humans as well as they tend to make love to all except the next to kin. Sexual selection can imply a great impact on social organization. For instance, if a chimp selects a female chimp for sexuality, it will always keep a control on itself and follow monogamy while polygamy is noted among gorillas which will cause social organization to get affected for long. The evolution of primates has also shown that the sexual selection can have long term impact on social organization. This can be viewed in the sense that a chimpanzee needs quick mating with another chimpanzee (female) as soon

Contrast of the Two Articles Essay Example for Free

Contrast of the Two Articles Essay When comparing the two articles, more comparison was on the view point of social responsibility but the contrast of the two articles focuses more on aspect of business ethics. Drucker spends far more time finding out the meaning of business ethics, and as stated earlier he breaks it down into more of different types of samples and other meanings than just the overall view of business ethics. Again, Freidman’s view was more on social responsibility being the term that faces and encourages business ethics, but what I found interesting was a little excerpt from George, (1999) in his titled book â€Å"Business Ethics,† here George is explaining the issues that approach business ethics, and even though this quote was used earlier in the writing, he states â€Å"some point out that self-interest would still require a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules, because the consequences of failing to do so could be very costly in fines, loss of licensure, or company reputation. The noted economist Milton Freidman was a leading proponent of this view (George, 1999). â€Å" If this is the case, then it is noted that Freidman was a view point on that ethical decisions are made on the basis of consequences and not just on their social responsibility to their company and their actions. Now one could argue in depth that it is ones social responsibility to adhere to basic moral rules and the consequences that follow. But the contrast is that while Drucker believes that business ethics comes from one’s social responsibility to himself and his kingdom, Casuistry, â€Å"Business ethics undoubtedly is a close parallel to casuistry. Its basic thesis that ethics for the ruler, and especially for the business executive, has to express â€Å"social responsibility† is exactly the starting point of the Casuist. But if â€Å"business ethics† is casuistry, then it will not last long-and long before it dies, it will have become a tool of the business executive to justify what for other people would be unethical behavior, rather than a tool to restrain the business executive and to impose tight ethical limits on business (Drucker, 1970). † Conclusion So what does this all mean? My view on the contrast is that one is using the philosophy that business ethics is based on decisions and behavior from Drucker’s standpoint, to the contrast that, business ethics is based on consequences of certain business situations. Business ethics is broader in its term and uses more than just right and wrong in business aspects. There are far more things that cause business ethics to be a stable-ford in the business world. One’s behavior and responsiveness to situations is a main component to business ethics but that can’t be the determining factor when trying to pursue the actual meaning and how it affects a business. And even when social responsibility is a main component to business ethics and is quite equal on some aspects of the term, there will always be the argument that if it leans towards someone’s responsibility, is the decisions that are being made ethical, and if so is it more towards the person’s responsibility to society or to one’s business? References 1. Carroll, A. B. , Buchholtz, Ann K. (2006) Business society: Ethics and stakeholder management Mason, Ohio: South-Western ISBN: 0324225814 2. George, Richard T. de (1999). Business Ethics. Prentice Hall Publishing, ISBN: 01307977723 3. Drucker, P. (1970) What Is Business Ethics New York, N. Y. New York Times Magazine pp. 32-33, 122-124, 126

Effects of Cor and US on Taxol Production of Taxus x Media

Effects of Cor and US on Taxol Production of Taxus x Media SUMMARY OF PROPOSED RESEARCH INCLUDING KEY GOALS For scientifically qualified assessors: Taxol is a natural diterpenoid alkaloid first isolated from the inner bark of pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia (Wani et al., 1971) and widely use in the pharmaceutical industry as the antitumor agents. However, low taxol content, high cost of extraction and the destruction of yew trees spark a major environmental controversy and cause a problem to fulfil its growing demand. The application of plant tissue culture technique has appeared as an eco-friendly method and feasible approach for commercial supply, but the production rate of this secondary metabolite are still very low. Only 10% of taxol secreted in the extracellular medium of T x media suspension cultures (Wickremesinhe and Arteca, 1993). These problems prompted a great effort to discover and identify the alternative means to enhance the mass production of taxol in plant cell cultures. In this study, elicitation using coronatine (Cor) and ultrasound (US) will be used for synthesis and transport of taxol. Cor is a toxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae and can act as a plant growth regulator and stimulates the defence mechanism in plants. Meanwhile, Low-intensity US is a physical or mechanical stimulus that can enhance the cellular transporter activity and trigger the pathway of defence-related secondary metabolites. It is hypothesized that the taxol accumulation in Taxus x media culture is higher than control (unelicited) and single treatment after treated with Cor and low- energy US. The experiment will use two-stage suspension culture and longitudinally young stem as the explant. The effect of these two elicitors on biomass production and taxol production will be analysed. At the end of this study, it is expected that the taxol production and cell growth will show positive result after elicited with Cor and low-energy US. This study will be a significant endeavour in enhance the release of taxol through elicitation approach. For lay readers: Secondary metabolites are chemicals produced by plants and do not have any physiological functions, but use as flavour, food colours, fragrances and pharmaceutical study. Taxus species are one of the medicinal plants that can produce natural anti-cancer agents known as taxol. However, over exploitation of natural sources of taxol from bark, stem, roots and needles put yew trees as an endangered species. Besides, the low yield and slow growth of yew trees limit its potential as a viable source of taxol. Thus, it is important to find alternative method to increase the taxol production in Taxus sp. The production of taxol from Taxus x media can be greatly enhanced through elicitation. Elicitation is a method to stimulate the gene expression of enzymes responsible for the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The substance used in stimulating the production of exuded compound is called elicitor. Elicitor is formed inside or outside of plant cells and imitate as a stress to activate the pla nt defence systems and cause qualitative and quantitative changes in the secondary metabolite content. Two elicitors that will be used in this study are Coronatine (Cor) and low-energy ultrasound (US). Plants use Cor to build defensive compounds and as growth regulators. US, on the other hand can stimulated the cell membrane permeabilization and encourage the release of taxol to culture medium. Plant cell cultures will be used to retrieve the secondary metabolite on demand by maintain the growth of plant cells in aseptic condition with appropriate supply of nutrients. It is expected that the accumulation of taxol treated with elicitors is higher than the untreated culture. This study will provide a good understanding about the effect of elicitors in activate the chemical defence system in plants and directly stimulate the production of taxol. RESEARCH Outcomes / Products What is the proposed outcome of your project: It is expected that all treatments will give significant increase of taxol accumulation when compared with control. Combination between Cor and US exposure will improve the extracellular and cell-associated taxol production. The expected taxol production from the treatment of both Cor and US is 20 to 50% higher than control. Elicitation of Taxus x media using Cor and US also will enhance the cell growth. The use of suspension culture will be one of the reasons that improve the accumulation of taxol and can be a good strategy for the continous production of taxol. Why is it important? Taxol is well known anti-cancer drug derived from natural source of Taxus species. However, direct extraction from yew trees has subjected them as an endangered species. On the other hand, the process of extraction and purification of taxol is also time consuming and not economically feasible. Thus, plant tissue culture is a promising approach to obtain this secondary metabolite. However, one of the main problems in increase the taxol production is instability in the synthesis of secondary metabolite. In order to maximize the yield of taxol, the combination of biotic and abiotic elicitor can be a good strategy. Besides, the elicitation approach is also more economical beneficial compare with other methods such as precursor feeding, phytohormone regulation and biotransformation. US is a simple but effective elicitor while Cor is expected has the similar biological activity as methyl jasmonate (MeJA), the most common elicitor used in stimulate secondary metabolites. The results from th is study can provide a fundamental understanding of the effects of US in combination with Cor on the production of secondary metabolite and plant cell culture. Understanding how Taxus x media cell culture react with these two elicitors can provide a a beneficial in link the growth rate with the production of taxol. DETAILS OF RESEARCH PROJECT Introduction and Background: Taxus species are medicinal plants and members of the Taxaceae family that can produce taxol, a chemotheraphy drug used widely in cancers treatment. FDA approval of taxol in 1992 and a series of success of taxol in clinical test for various cancers led to massive demand for this active substance. The increase of demand was expected since taxol also useful to combact non-canceorus disorders, such as polycystic kidney disease (Woo et al., 1994). However, it is difficult to perform large-scale culture because of the difficulty to gain this active compound from natural source. Three mature, century-old yew trees would produce only 1 g of taxol. It is estimated that about 10 tons of bark or felling of 3000 trees was needed to yield 1 kg of purified taxol to treat 500 cancer patients. Besides, the natural source of taxol from yew trees is only about 0.01% to 0.06% (Sung et al., 2005). All these concerns have prompted extensive efforts in find the method that can increase the mass productio n taxol. Taxus x media is choose for this study since it is good starting materials for the taxol production via biotechnological technique. Besides, the amount of taxol produce by this cultivar is the highest among other Taxus species (Table 1). The elicitation approach has been one of the most promising strategies in improve the mass production of taxol and other secondary metabolites in cell cultures (Roberts ND Shuler, 1997). The idea of using elicitor arise from the defence pathway utilize by plant in deal with environmental stress, pathogenic microorganisms, insects and higher herbivorous predators by stimulate the production of offensive chemicals like secondary metabolites. One of the most commonly studied and effective biotic elicitor is methyl jasmonate (MeJA). However, the report that Cor resemble the biological activity of the jasmonic acid gives an idea that the mode of action between these two compounds could be similar. The chemical structure of Cor is more stable than MeJA because of the rigid cis-orientation in its bi-cyclic skeleton. This lead to the higher levels of induction in the production of secondary metabolites by plant cells treated with Cor when compare with those treated with natural JA. Although Cor stimulated paclitaxel production with less efficiency than MeJA, it resulted in higher paclitaxel excretion to the liquid phases of culture medium. Besides that, there are not many reports about the influence of Cor on the production of secondary metabolite in plant cell suspension culture. Table 1: Content (wt %) of selected taxanes in different species of Taxus plants (Lin Lidong, 2003) The combination of biotic and abiotic elicitor had synergistic effects to taxol production in many reports. Thus, it is expected that the combine use of Cor with a physical stimulus like US might increase the yield of taxol in the Taxus culture. Generally, the abiotic elicitors use in experimental studies is chemical agents, heavy metals and biochemical agents like polysaccharides and organic acid. The use of US to biotechnology is relatively new and not many reports can be found on the effects of US in increase the useful secondary metabolites. This simple and effective elicitor can activate cells or enzymes and induced plant defence metabolism by ultrasonic waves. High intensity US waves can bring detrimental effect to cells, enzymes and other biological materials. Meanwhile, low intensity US waves can change the cellular metabolism, improve the mass transfer of reagents and enhance the release of intracellular products from cultured cells by increase the membrane permeability. The use of US will not disrupt the culture process and allow continuous use of cell’s biosynthetic capacity (Kilby and Hunter, 1990). US deserve an extensive research regarding its effects in plant secondary metabolite due to its wide application in biological field. The combination of Cor and US has great prospect and economic benefits in enhance the taxol production at low cost. Until now, there is no study or information about the effect of Cor and US and their combination on the Taxus species. Work which has led up to the project: The production of taxol using cell cultures were first reported by Christen et al., in 1989. Cell suspension cultures can emit secondary metabolites into growth medium. For instance, the production of resveratrol in the medium was higher than in the cell (Zamboni et al., 2009). Work by Kajani et al., in 2010 on Taxus baccata L cell culture showed that 74.9 % of total taxanes was exuded to growth medium (5. 584 mg/ L). Roberts et al., in 2003 reported that suspension culture of Taxus canadensis secreted more than 90% of the total taxol to the medium after treated with cell wall enzymes. Cell culture of Taxus chinensis emitted 90% of the total paclitaxel in medium with chitosan (Zhang et al., 2007). Komaraiah et al., in 2003 reported that up to 70% of the plumbagin in Plumbago rosea cell culture were released into the medium. Taxol accumulate at high level (1.5 mg/L) in the second phase of growth Previous research by J. Wu and L. Lin in 2003 on the application of US as a physical stimulus and MeJA in increase the mass production of taxol in Taxus chinensis becomes a fundamental reference for this study. Their study showed that the taxol yield was increased about 1.5- to 1.8-fold with 2 minutes US exposure once or twice during a 4 week culture period. Meanwhile, the total taxol after treated with MeJA increase about 5-fold. The percentage of extracellular taxol and cell-associated taxol also showed significant increase. The taxol production from combination between US and MeJA treatment was 20 to 50% higher than each of the treatment used alone. Another research by Wu and Lin in 2002 found that low energy US can play a role as abiotic elicitor to trigger the plant defence responses and induce the production of plant metabolite in cell cultures. Apart from that, US also can increase the cell membrane permeabilization to increase the efficiency of intracellular product release. In their previous study, they found that the combination of US stimulation and in situ solvent extraction in a Lithospermum erythrorhizan cell culture led to 2 to 3-fold increases in the yield of shikonin. Tamogami and Kodama reported in 2000 that Accumulation of flavonoid phytoalexins in rice occurred when treated with Cor. This shown that the effect of Cor on flavonoid production was greater than that of JA or its precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA). Cor also gave positive result in the alkaloid production in Eschscholzia californica cell cultures (Haider et al., 2000). The previous work by also showed the greater increase in the accumulation of glyceollins, the phytoalexins of soybean (Glycine max. L.), in soybean cell suspension cultures after treated with Cor. Besides, the effect of Cor in induced the phytoalexin productin was greatly better when compared with JA and MeJA. (Fliegmann et al., 2003; Lauchli et al, 2002). Aims of the project: To study the biological and synergistic effects of Cor and US on the taxol production of Taxus x media cell culture. (d) Experimental design and methods to be used in investigating this problem: Cell culture establishment Approximately 1.0 cm long section of longitudinal young stem of Taxus x media will be wash with distilled water and soak in 70% (v/v) ethanol for 30 to 60 seconds. After that, the stem will be surface sterilized by immersion in 1.5% sodium hypochlorite with a few drops of Tween 20 for 20 to 30 minutes. After sterilization, the explants will be rinsed 3 times with sterile distilled water. Next, the longitudinally halved stem sections will be placed with the inner cut surface in contact with the solid Gamborg’s B5 media to induce calli. The media supplemented/ fortified with 3.0% sucrose (w/v), 0.8% agar (w/v), 1 mg/L 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.5 mg/L 6-Benzyladenine (BA), at pH 5.5. All of the cultures will be placed in darkness at 25oC for 25 days. To obtain a homogenous callus, several subcultures of calli will be done every 3 weeks. The snow, friable and massive callus will be used as the inoculums for cell suspension culture. Cor treatment The same media without agar will be used for cell suspension culture. About 10 g of fresh weight of callus will be used as the inoculums and inoculated into 300 mL conical flasks containing 100 mL liquid growth B5 medium and placed on orbital shakers (120 rpm) at 25oC in darkness. 1 uM Cor will be added to the shake-flask culture on day 7 post inoculation since the Taxus cell culture is expected to be in the middle of a rapid growth phase, which is usually a favourable time for elicitor treatment in most plant cell cultures. 3) US treatment An ultrasonic cleaning bath will be used to sonicate the cells in Erlenmeyer flasks from the shake-flask culture (Lin et al., 2001). The bath will had a fixed frequency of 38.5 KHz and variable power levels. The bath temperature wwill be maintained at 25 ±0.5oC. The culture will be sonicated at level 2 US power (corresponding to 13.7 mW/ cm3 in the culture) once (on day 5, 9, or 16) or twice (day 5 and day 9) for 2 min each time (total US energy of each exposure = power x period = 1.64 J/cm3). The US power and exposure period will be selected based on the study by Lin et al., (2001) and Lin and Wu in 2002. Determination of cell density The cells in the shake-flasks will be separated from the medium by filtration through a Whatman filter paper under vacuum. The wet cell mass will be rinsed thoroughly with deionized water and then dried at 50oC in an oven to constant weight. Taxol extraction and determination The taxol content in powdered dried cell and medium in the culture flasks will be extracted by methods previously described by Wu and Lin (2003). The dried cells will pulverized and suspended in 10 mL methanol, filtered and air-dried. After that, the cells will be re-dissolved in dichloromethane: water (1:1, v/v) followed by centrifugation at 5000 rpm. Dichloromethane phase will be collected, air-dried and re-dissolved in 100  µL methanol (HPLC grade) and filtered passing through a 0.45  µm syringe filter, before being injected to HPLC. The taxol content in the extract solution will be quantified by HPLC system, equipped with a C-18 column of 25 x 4.6 mm dimension. Taxol will be eluted with a linear gradient of acetonitrile and water (45: 55, v/v)/ at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with UV detection at 227 nm. Identification of taxol will be accomplished by comparison of retention times with authentic standard. Statistical analysis The results will be analyzed statistically by one-way ANOVA analysis and Duncan multiple range tests. The data will be presented as the mean value  ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments.

Setting up Bibliographies, Reference Lists, and Citations :: essays research papers fc

Setting up Bibliographies, Reference Lists, and Citations The following explanations from the American Psychological Association will guide you in setting up bibliographies, reference lists, and citations in the text of your work. If you are accustomed to using another style sheet, you will find some striking differences between APA style and the others with which you may be familiar. Most notably, in the APA style sheet, capitalization in the title of an article or of a book follows the same rules as capitalization in a common sentence. According to most other style sheets, each important rule in any title should be capitalized. In APA style, capitalization of each important word applies only to titles of journals. The following definitions are in keeping with APA style: A reference list appears on a separate page at the end of an article. Titled "References," it documents books and articles actually used in the preparation of an article or essay and provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. The writer should include only the sources that were used in the research and preparation of the article. A bibliography cites works for background or for further reading. Often a bibliography is annotated; that is, it includes a brief objective description of the article or book. A reference citation in text, in preference to footnotes, briefly identifies the source of information for readers, and enables readers to locate the source in the alphabetical reference list at the end of the article. Content footnotes are discouraged because they are distracting to the reader, and because important information merits inclusion in the text. Citing References in the Body of the Paper * Each time you quote a source directly, paraphrase an idea, or refer to something that another person said or wrote, identify the original source by inserting the author's last name and the date within the text of your paper. Each source you cite must also appear in the reference list at the end of your paper. These arguments against standardized education (Duckworth, 1986) explore science as a process of discovery. Give page numbers for direct quotations. Note that any sentence punctuation comes after the closing parenthesis. As Dewey (1938) noted, the educational continuum was united by this "connectedness in growth" (p.75). If the author's name is used in the text, only the date needs to be inside parentheses. When both the author and the date are used in the citation, separate them with a comma.

Impact of Technology on Music Essay -- Term Papers Research Essays

Impact of Technology on Music The introduction to the internet in the early nineties and the creation of broadband, MP3, and the file sharing network known as â€Å"peer to peer† has completely revolutionised the music industry. A large percentage of music is today downloaded over the internet, and not bought over the counter in a record store. This essay will address the impact of new technology on music, and how music is distributed. To do this, the paper will first briefly explain the history of the digital revolution. Then it will contrast the problems and the possibilities this technology has created. Over the years, the development of new technology has caused significant changes to the world we are living in. These technological advancements affect us to different degrees and in different ways. In recent years, the development of new technology has caused significant changes to the music industry. For three quarters of a century, records were made by a process now known as analogue recording. This process was replaced by digital recording in 1976. The initial advantage of digital recording was that it offered a more accurate way to reproduce sound. A few years later, in 1983, the compact disc was invented and it was now possible to store digital sound on a digital medium. This was widely thought of as the completion of the digital revolution (Teachout, 2002). The birth of the CD wasn’t the end of the digital revolution. There were bigger and more important innovations in the horizon. The evolution of the internet was on its way, and the possibilities of this medium were almost unlimited (Sutherland, 2004). The development of the internet, broadband, MP3, and then the different ways to share music with each other create... .... (2004). The RIAA is behind the times. Retrieved 14.9, 2004, from http://www.yale.edu/yfp/archives/feb04/feb04_riaa.html Green, H. (2004). Downloads: The Next Generation; Music merchants are trying new ways to make an honest buck off the Internet. Business Week, 1(3870), 64. Musicunintended.org. (2004). more than 2.6 billion files are downloaded illigaly per month. Retrieved 16.9, 2004, from http://www.musicunited.org/ RIAA. (2004). What the RIAA is Doing About Piracy. Retrieved 14.9, 2004, from http://www.riaa.com/issues/piracy/riaa.asp Sherman, C. (2000). Napster: Copyright killer or distribution hero? Online, 24(6), 8. Sutherland, J. (2004). Business Objects and the Evolution of the Internet. Retrieved 16.9, 2004, from http://jeffsutherland.com/papers/crcweb.html Teachout, T. (2002). Why listening will never be the same. Commentary, 1 14(2), 4.

History of Internet Essay

The term ‘Internet’ was coined on October 24, 1995. However the origin of the internet and related concepts are much older. The present day Internet is the revolutionized face of the nascent day communication system and is the most successful examples of benefits of sustained investment and commitment to information infrastructure (Leiner et al. , 2003). The unprecedented integration of collaboration, dissemination embarked by a series of gradual changes that the society has undergone with respect to the communication and connectivity needs. As described by Kristula (1997), it was in 1957 that the USA formed ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) within the DoD (Department of Defence) to establish US lead in science and technology applicable to the military. Until 1960’s, the computers operated almost exclusively in batch mode, where programs were punched on stacks of cards and assembled into batches for the data to be fed in the local computer center. The need for the time sharing system had already set the stage for research and development work to make the time sharing possible on the computer systems. In an article, Hauben (1995), stated that the time sharing system led the foundation for the Interactive Computing, where the user could communicate and respond to the computer’s responses in a way that batch processing did not allow. Both Robert Taylor and Larry Roberts, future successors of Licklider as director of ARPA’s IPTO (Information Processing Techniques Office), pinpoint Licklider as the originator of the vision which set ARPA’s priorities and goals and basically drove ARPA to help develop the concept and practice of networking computers. Licklider has been described as the father of modern day network, having laid the seeds of the Intergalactic network, the initial prototype of the Internet today. The vision of the interconnection and interaction of diverse communities guided the creation of the original ARPANET. The APRANET pioneered important breakthroughs in computer networking technology and the ability to collaborate and use dispersed resources (Winston, 1998). In 1962, Paul Baran, a RAND research worker introduced the concept of ‘Packet Switching’, while working towards the need of the U.  S. government to take command and control of any kind of nuclear attack. Packet switching was crucial to realization of computer networks and described breaking down of data into ’message blocks’ known as packets / datagrams, which were labeled to indicate the origin and the destination. Baran’s scheme was aided by telephone exchange methodology being used by information theory. The data was now sent in discrete packages around a network to achieve the same result – a more even flow of data through the entire network. The same concept also developed by British computer pioneer Donald Watt known as Davies’s Pilot Ace. Baran’s Distributive Adaptive Message Blockswitching became Watt Davies’s ‘Packet Switching’. The first host connected to the ARPANET was the SDS Sigma-7 on Sept. 2, 1969 at the UCLA (University of California in Los Angeles) site. It began passing bits to other sites at SRI (SDS-940 at Stanford Research Institute), UCSB (IBM 360/75 at University of California Santa Barbara), and Utah (Dec PDP-10 at the University of Utah). This was the first physical network and was wired together via 50 Kbps circuits. ARPANET at this stage used NCP (Network Control Protocol). By 1973, development began on TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) and then in 1974, the term ‘Internet’ was used in a paper on TCP/IP. The development of Ethernet, in 1976, supported high speed movement of data using coaxial cables and led the foundation for the LAN (Local Area Network). Packet satellite project, SATNET, went live connecting the US with Europe. Around the same time, UUCP (Unix –to-Unix Co Py) was being developed by AT&T Bell Labs. The need to link together those in Unix Community triggered the development of the Usenet in 1979. Using homemade auto dial modems and the UUCP, the Unix shell and the find command (that were being distributed with the Unix OS), Bellovin, wrote some simple shell scripts to have the computers automatically call each other up and search for changes in the date stamps of the files. The Usenet was primarily organized around News net and was called as the ‘Poor Man’s ARPANET’, since joining ARPANET needed political connections was costly too. Woodbury, a Usenet pioneer from Duke University, described how â€Å"News allowed all interested persons to read the discussion, and to (relatively) easily inject a comment and to make sure that all participants saw it. † However, owing to the slow speed, the coding language was soon changed to ‘C’, thus becoming the first released version of Usenet in C programming popularly known as A News. By 1983, TCP/IP replaced NCP entirely and the DNS (Domain Name System) was created so that the packets could be directed to a domain name where it would be translated by the server database into the corresponding IP number. Links began to be created between the ARPANET and the Usenet as a result of which the number of sites on the Usenet grew. New T1 lines were laid by NSF (National Science Foundation). The Usenet took an unexpected explosion, from 2 articles per day posted on 3 sites in 1979, to 1800 articles per day posted at 11000 sites by 1988. By 1990, the T3 lines (45 Kbps capacity) replaced the T1 lines and the NSFNET formed the new backbone replacing the ARPANET. The beginning of 1992 marked the establishment of a chartered Internet Society and the development of the World Wide Web. The first graphical user interface, named ‘Mosaic for X,’ was developed on the World Wide Web. By 1994, the Commercialization of the Internet emerged in the form of the first ATM (Asynchronous Transmission Mode) was installed on the NSFNET. The free access of the NSFNET was blocked and fee was imposed on domains. This describes the series of events that shaped the history for the past two decades, ever since Internet came into existence. The Internet technology is continuously changing to accommodate the needs of yet another generation of underlying network technology. Hoping that the process of evolution will manage itself, we look forward to a new paradigm of Internet Services.

Honesty In Advertising? Insanity!

Advertising is surely the most common art we see today. We have to go out of our way to see offensive movies or works of fine art, but advertising images are everywhere. We see them whether we want to or not, on billboards as we drive to work, on the walls of stores when we shop, in magazines and newspapers, on television, and on the products we use. We even get them in the mail. Everything gets advertised. Advertising industry is the biggest one today. But what is happening inside of advertising world? â€Å"The characters in this film do not depict people with real mental illness.Mental illness is a serious disease that affects millions of people. † Thus begins †Crazy People†, schizophrenic comedy that is very funny when it's a satire on modern advertising. Film talks about two types of nut cases: ones that are committed to institutions and the others who think they are normal and live on the other side of the wall. There are some targets of satire throughout a f ilm. First, this is the job itself and way of living of admen. †Let's face it, Steve,† says Emory Leeson, main character of the film to his associate, †you and I lie for a living. † Emory is a Madison Avenue burned-out adman suffering a breakdown.His wife has walked out of their suburban house, taking the furniture with her. Emory is suffering from writer's block. †Novelists have writer's block,† screams his partner, Steve. †All you do is write little slogans to go with the pictures. † (Canby) In a manic burst of energy, Emory creates a dozen new ad campaigns for everything from Volvo (†Boxy but good†) to United Airlines (†Most of our passengers get there alive†). He calls it †truth in advertising. † Actually, the ads are not so much truthful as they are crass. But Leeson feels they will tap into the everyday mindset of the common man.This is funny stuff, but Emory’s boss doesn't think so. Ste ve gently carts him away to a private mental hospital. Another target of satirizing is the advertising itself. Whether it is truthful or dishonest, consumer †eats† catchy slogans. You can say the right thing about a product and nobody will listen. You've got to say it in such a way that people will feel it in their gut. Because if they don't feel it, nothing will happen. Emory's †truthful† campaigns somehow reach all of the national magazines and appear on television, where they become instant hits. Leeson’s instincts are proven to be correct.People love them and sales zoom. But his boss and his crew can't grasp this â€Å"truth† concept. So they ask Emory to come back. He agrees to do more ads only if his friends – his fellow asylum inmates – can help. Soon the asylum turns into a productive business center. They are energized and inspired by Emery, who unwittingly wins back his former company's interest after an accidental truthf ul ad campaign makes headlines. One more satirized point, which depicts clearly that there are no big differences between admen and clients of mental hospitals at all, is that both of them making their job very well.Moreover, advertising ideas of insane people turn out to be more effective. Using the theme of sanity and insanity, film achieves the satire in comical situations, which articulate erected issues of modern advertising. â€Å"Crazy People† is equivalent to those commercials that pretend to be sending themselves up. Its upside-down ad campaigns wouldn't rate a smile in a college humor magazine, at least in part because they knowingly celebrate the system they are supposed to be satirizing.The concept is high but fraudulent. Interesting, that the director of film, Tony Bill said in interview he is counting on the controversy that is sure to be stirred up over †Crazy People† because of the fact that all the advertising in the film was used without permissi on or consultation. (Babbis) Conclusively, one trend in advertising, around no doubt for years that has become particularly shameless of late is to say exactly the opposite of what a company or product actually does.The implication is that nowadays people will accept anything you tell them. Pioneer of advertising Leo Burnett said, †Regardless of the moral issue, dishonesty in advertising has proved very unprofitable. † But perhaps everybody knows, consumers and advertisers alike, that anything anyone says doesn't matter any more. Finally, I think film accomplished with its goal and if it was ridiculing modern advertising, †Crazy people† have done it in a very funny and humorous way.

Marketing principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing principles - Essay Example Marks & Spencer offers stylish high quality and Fashionable outfits. The company has the core competency within the industry to represents high quality fashionable clothes. The company gets supply of clothes from more than 2000 global suppliers and the company has 78,000 employees worldwide. Marks & Spencer is the leading provider of lady wear in UK clothing market. Moreover the company is receiving high market share in kids-wear and menswear. Apart from these business areas Marks & Spencer has also dedicated to do social welfare activities. The company has become zero solid waste and carbon neutral by implementing its effective five years eco plan for organization’s green credential. Marks & Spencer enjoys the advantages of more than 21 million footfalls every week in all the retail outlets. By providing effective fashion retail marketing strategy and product of high quality with effective customer services, Marks & Spencer has able to produce enormous number of footfall ever y week. It is the major achievement for the company as leading fashion retail chains globally. The study will reveal the internal and external analysis, competitive strategies, and purpose of marketing strategy in order to develop a marketing strategy for Marks & Spencer. This will help the company to attract customers. Finally the study ends with a conclusion. There are different elements of marketing process such as marketing environment analysis, targeting strategy, market segmentation and product positioning. Marketing environment analysis deals with the impact of macro and micro environmental forces on the performance of company. Targeting strategy is used to identify the target audience for the products. Market segmentation is used to determine the various segments of customers with respect to different product line. Product positioning is used to identify the area in which the product will compete in a market place. These

Living on a farm to living in the city Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Living on a farm to living in the city - Essay Example Most people think that living on a farm in the countryside costs a lot lesser than the city life. A blogger from Des Moines, Iowa in fact calculated his family’s annual cost of living and compared it to those who live in Boston, Massachusetts. His computation showed that a difference of almost forty percent makes such huge difference for people who are thinking on which side of the country they wish to live in (Trent, 2007). In addition, the cost of a small apartment in the city may already allow one to buy a house with a huge yard in the countryside. Optimizing the space that is readily available in the countryside allows people to save a lot more money at the same time. Either the back or the front yard can be used to grow one’s own vegetables and fruit trees as well. As a result, there is no need for them to buy some of the produce in the market, thus, allowing them to save a few dollars every month. Not only they are able to spare some money out of cultivating their own food, but they are also able to serve fresh and healthy food for the family. On the other hand, as country living offers a cheaper place to live in, it may not provide as many choices to its residents when it comes to entertainment. The city, along with the diverse individuals who have their own ways of keeping up with the busy city life, offers diverse choices in making these people entertained. Small and big events such as gigs and concerts happen almost on a nightly basis. Movie theaters that present classical and modern films are found in almost every corner of the city street. Pubs and restaurants that serve all kinds of beer and liquor from all over the world and serve a variety of good food also showcase local and national artists. They are found close to each other that one can go from any of them to another in just a few steps away. Furthermore, one can simply be entertained for free even when

Prop 30 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Prop 30 - Research Paper Example In November 2012, elections were conducted all over California in order to evaluate whether people were ready to increase the tax rates so that budget cuts could be prevented in the educational sector. According to the website of California Secretary of State, 54% of the voters favored taxes to be increased to finance education system. On the other hand, almost 46% of the total vote’s caste was in opposition to this initiative. Contextually, it should be mentioned that Jerry Brown, the governor of California had given full support to Prop 30. On the other hand, small businessmen and entrepreneurs opposed this proposition. They said that increasing the taxes would affect the businesses in the state adversely. Hence, that would be compensated by job cuts and shut down of smaller firms. Thesis Prop 30 is based on an utmost democratic approach that not only supports the freedom of expression but also takes on a combinatory political approach that ventures to adjudge popular mental ity on the mandate of free education. Particularly after the Civil War and abolition of slavery, equality has been a key area of both debate and pursuit in the American society, where social stratifications are supposed to be aligned to the merit based parameters. But what if education becomes costly? What if the economically backward children are left behind and the public schools raise their fees? Nevertheless, a just education system should be accessible to the economically backward people too. Hence, if it be necessary to increase taxes on the general public so that the schools can be financed better and broader educational outreach is harnessed, people must take a positive approach. California indeed needs educational reforms and the majority of Californians wish to see reforms. In this way, Temporary Taxes to Fund Education should be supported to provide more wealth to the educational establishments. By the means of public funding, governments can really open up the doors of w elfare economy to fulfill the popular aspirations. In the first go, this all may seem to be politically biased populist measures. But if we think a little deeper then we can accept that Californian education system has some real problems which should be solved with real solutions. Hence, Prop 30 was a move that deserved popular support. Discussion Educational disparities raise serious questions on the credibility of American Dream. â€Å"California leads the United States in the total number of African Americans enrolled in higher education, although the proportion of African American students enrolled in higher education continues to decline. Close to 76% of all African Americans in public elementary school graduate from high school, but only 13% go on to graduate from institutions in the California state higher education systems.† (Allen, Bonous-Hammarth, and Teranishi, 1-2) Higher education prospects in California appear to be parallel to a racially biased apartheid system . It reflects a sort of extreme socioeconomic disparity. An outstanding and reachable public higher education system augmented California’s economic development. But today, the lack of an equal opportunity based educational paradigm is playing a significant role to undermine the future prospects of the African American population. Therefore, educational reforms must be initiated to help California maintain its justifiable vibrancies and democratic institutions. Nevertheless, certain

Legalizing Marijuana for recreational use Research Paper

Legalizing Marijuana for recreational use - Research Paper Example Ethics, unlike law determines what is right from wrong in regards to this issue regardless of the law which may be in existence unlike law which heavily defends a legal position that has already been defined using the oratory skills. This paper proposes the justice of making marijuana legal at a federal level as a controlled substance while taking 2 standpoints where the drugs benefits is more than the associated risks and also since there are inconsistencies with the current legal policies on the issue of marijuana as compared to both legal and illegal drugs that are more dangerous. Specifically, the paper will compare benefits and risks of legalizing marijuana against those of the most common legal recreational drug that are currently being used today. In specific it will look at cigarettes and alcohol. This paper tries to avoid discussing legalization of medical marijuana since research show that12 states already have allowed the use of marijuana in medicinal purposes and today there are over 2000 legal marijuana dispensaries all over the nation. However, the possession and usage of the drug is still illegal under the federal law. Due to the popularity and historical usage of the substance, a new look needs be implemented so that this can be a legal recreational drug together or even to be made to replace alcohol and cigarette smoking. Marijuana is a dried blossom of the Cannabis Sativa and Cannabis Indica plants. It is the most regularly used illegal drug and thus is considered as being one of the most popular recreational drug in United States. Over the years there have been a lot of debates over the issue of legalizing the drugs with many individuals coming up with both positive and negative issues. In the 21st century marijuana is illegal in the United States due to concerns over violence, health related issues and crimes that are associated with marijuana. There have been some

Mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Mangment - Essay Example ng a project is usually desirable when the project timeline is inaccurate, and the project implementation process lags behind the set schedule, or project completion date is raised up (Pinto 298). In these situations, it is difficult to complete a project within the stipulated period as set in the original schedule. Therefore, it is recommendable to crash the project or activities to establish new completion dates. Additionally, crashing is sometimes desirable when penalties or late fees are incurred. In some cases, it is advisable to crash activities than pay the extra activities (Pinto 299). The critical path is usually the longest path within the network. Crashing project or activities is performed on the critical path to reduce the overall project duration period (Pinto 302). This is because crashing projects or activities outside the critical path increase overall cost. It also only reduces the time for the completion of a single activity, but not the overall time of the project completion. Therefore, it is advisable to crash activities that lie, on the critical path to reduce the time for project completion and extra

Swot Analysis for Pizza Connection Essay Example for Free

Swot Analysis for Pizza Connection Essay Pizza Connection demonstrates numerous strengths within the organization when meeting with the owner, Dave Collier. Mr. Collier explained to our firm that they have been successful and at the same time benefiting from the rise in popularity of pizza that swept across the country during the past few years. He also stated that, with this rise in popularity of pizza, his company took advantage of the trend and created the franchisers home office to coordinate national and regional marketing which also included advertising support. In addition, Mr. Collier knows the market well and is willing to do whatever it takes to take advantage of the opportunity that may lay outside the company. Moreover, Dave Collier also explained to our firm that, because of the coordinated national and regional marketing strategy, it will also give a boost with the internal process within the organization. Mr. Collier also provided a strong product development support. With this strong product development support, there will be a new line of specialty pizzas that will expand Pizza Connections market appeal. This is a very strong aspect to our firm because it shows that Pizza Connection is willing and ready to make the best changes for the company. Weakness When there is strength, there is also weakness. During our meeting with Mr. Collier, he told us that he noticed a decline in sales. Over the past few months, the number of customers has declined steadily. He further explained to us that he believes that customer demands have changed. To be more in-depth, he believes that providing high-quality pizza at a reasonable price was no longer enough. Instead, providing speed, convenience, and alternative dining options is the key. Our firm then realized that these were some of the areas that they lack in: 1. ) Dine-in customers; Pizza Connections were not providing dine-in patrons with fast enjoyable food. Customers now want to get-in, be seated, provide with fast high quality service, and get out quickly. 2. ) Phone-in customers; Pizza Connections lacks in making sure that customer food is ready to be picked up. 3. ) Carry-out customer; lack of providing speed and convenience to customer when ordering and receiving there food. Another weakness that came to light in our meeting with Mr. Collier was that there was a lack of space in the restaurant to do parties. Parties are a growing trend with little league baseball teams, youth soccer teams, and birthdays all have been part of this growing demand for party space in restaurants. Our firm has to find a solution for this because this is a community involvement problem. If the community starts to complain, then slowly but surely Pizza Connections will be out of business for good. Our firm wants to make sure that our clients in the surrounding community are pleased with the organization and the services they provide. Opportunities After carefully analyzing Pizza Connection weaknesses, we have sought out some opportunities that they can take advantage of as of right now. Some of the opportunities that our firm believes can bring in more profit for the company are to address the Dine-in, carry-out, and phone-in situation, and make it better. These are the essential internal opportunities that they can take advantage of immediately. Mirror off your competitors strategies like Pizza Hut or Unos. Also, another opportunity that can pursue that a lot of other company havent yet, is used the World Wide Web (WWW). With that, Customers can place order online instead of using the phone and give exact time when they are going to pick up there merchandise. This becomes more convenient for your customers and the business as a whole. Some other opportunities that our firm noticed which Pizza Connection can do is to start delivering and creating more specials for the products they sell. Most pizza venues deliver to the customer which makes it more convenient for the consumers. Pizza Connection has to expand the operation now to be considered a threat in the market. Also, Pizza Connection can recognize most of the little league team that come in to the restaurant on a regular basis and sponsor them. This will give the teams who are recognized a sense of local celebrity status and more publicity that we believe will be beneficial to Pizza Connections success in the long run. Threats Finally, Mr. Collier explained to us the threats that they are dealing with at the current time. Besides the changing of the market demands, competition for the consumers dining dollar increased significantly in the geographic area where Mr. Colliers restaurant served. The number of dining establishments in the area has more than tripled during the last two years. Numerous of Dine-in, and Drive in, has given Mr. Collier a strong threat which make him and our firm wonder if things can get back to normal. Pizza Connection has many threats to deal with but our firm will come up with a solution to solve these problems.