Utilization of Quality Management in Health Care in Support of Quality Provided Services free essay sample

Utilization of Quality Management in Health Care in Support of Quality Provided Services The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 established regulations that require the quality improvement in â€Å"the delivery of health care services, patient health outcomes, and population health† (The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, 2011, p. 10). The national quality strategy section of this law further required the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services to develop a National Strategy for Quality Improvement in Health Care (the National Quality Strategy) which will stimulate the establishment of quality health care serving the needs of patients, families, and communities by setting priorities in a strategic plan to guide both the providers and payers (U. S. Dept of Health, 2011, Exec. Sum). The requirements further established an Interagency Working Group to help develop the National Quality Strategy. This group, composed of representatives from 23 Federal Health Care responsible agencies, is to ensure cooperation between both the Federal and private sector. This group developed a draft plan which was then provided to over 300 health care industry entities and the general public for comment on the draft principles and priorities. The combined effort came up with a strategic plan that is composed of three aims, six priorities, and ten principles (Working for Quality, 2011, About the National Quality Strategy). Section III of the National Strategy for Quality Improvement in Health Care will have the greatest impact on a health care organization’s quality management efforts since it addresses ten areas that establish the foundation for several quality improvement measures including payment, public reporting, quality improvement, certification, measurement of care processes and evaluation and feedback (U. S. Dept of Health, 2011, Polices and Infrastructure Needed to Support Priorities). Additionally, the quality management organization that is established by the health care provider will have to annually review the list of proposed new measures that will be imposed the following year by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to ensure their quality program has effective measures established and in place to comply with new statutory requirements (Working for Quality, 2011, Multi-Stakeholder Group Input on Quality Measures). Understanding and implementing the quality measures that are imposed by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) will be the foundation for an effective quality management unit within the health care organization. The quality requirements of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act will require many health care organizations to examine their existing quality programs in order to adjust them to accommodate the new requirements, or in some cases, will cause the health care organization to implement a new department or unit to ensure that a quality management system is in place in order to comply with the law. The use of Deming’s fourteen points for management to make improvements in industrial environments is well known and it is only natural that health care providers would turn towards this proven technique to improve health care quality. Total Quality Management techniques have already been implemented in various health care organizations, where over time, they have moved from Quality Assurance (QA), to Quality Improvement (QI), to Quality Management (QM) (which incorporates parts of both QA and QI (Carefoote, n.d. n. p. ). There are ten characteristics of a successful Quality program: Clear Mission Goals, Active Leadership, Defined Structure and Accountability, Coordinated Activities, Effective Planning, Comprehensive Scope of Services, Focus on Improvement, Data Driven Decision Making, Sound Policies and Procedures and Adequate Resources. The QM organization must have a clear mission and goals which are derived from the requirements of the ACA as well as its own objectives and strategies to serve its population. One of the most important aspects is active leadership, which must flow from the top down to ensure that the quality program meets all of its objectives. This particular characteristic has important implications if the program is to succeed. Leadership, both medical and administrative, must â€Å"walk the walk and talk the talk† of a quality program. The surest means to ensure failure of the QM program is for the health care providers (employees) to sense that the health care organization leadership is only giving â€Å"lip service† to the program. This can also be seen with regard to the program’s defined structure and accountability. There must be direct communication between the Leadership (overall responsible) and the day to day workers (who are required to provide the quality care). Coordination must be organization wide such that all departments have buy-in to the quality function to ensure that quality is not just a program but a way of life. Effective quality planning must articulate all regulatory and accreditation requirements and all objectives of the program. It should include three processes: an annual program description; an annual action plan that delineates the activities critical to achieving the objectives established by the mission and goals, and a method to assess the organization’s performance of the plan. The scope of quality services must be all-inclusive comprised of clinical care and services. Each must have standards that included monitoring, evaluation, and improvement. Additionally, it must ensure that metrics for health problems of the population, the organization serves, are reviewed on a regular basis. An important element of the QM program is to emphasize continuous process improvement; however, it should be applied throughout the organization and should not solely focus on areas that are below standards. This can be achieved through the use of the Joint Commission Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations’ ten step monitoring and evaluation process: assignment of responsibility; delineate the scope of care service; identify the important aspects of care and services; identify indicators; establish means to trigger evaluation; collect and organize data; initiate evaluation; take action to improve care and services; assess effectiveness of actions and maintain improvements; communicate results to affected individuals. Additionally, Health Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) performance measures as well as National Quality Forum (NQF) endorsed measures and ACA requirements should be folded into the continuous improvement process. QM decisions must be based on data collected with regard to both service and quality. Quality performance can be determined by comparing results to standards set by the QM program. For example: Did care meet timeliness standards; or did the cost of care exceed the norm for the care given. This necessitates a close working relationship between the QM organization and the various other departments in the health care organization to ensure that the correct data is being collected to support the ability to make sound data driven decisions. The simplest way to ensure this occurs is to promulgate an organizational Quality Management guidebook (which is annually updated) that meticulously sets out the various procedures and policies of the QM department/unit. The final cog in this organization is to ensure that it is provided with the staffing, funds and resources to accomplish its objectives (Carefoote, n. d. n. p. , NCQA, 2011, HEDIS and Quality Measurement, Stelmark, n. d. slides 43 and 48). While there are several different programs that require empirical quality measures as evidence of quality care, pay for performance is one of the most common. According to Susan Hart-Hester et al. , (2008): Pay for performance (P4P) programs provide financial incentives to healthcare providers based on quality of care and cost efficiency of services. P4P measures may include clinical outcomes, cost efficiency, processes related to best practices, use of health information technology (HIT) (e. g. , electronic health records and registries), patient satisfaction, and patient safety (Impact of P4P). Research in 2008 showed that when P4P measures were well defined and looked at a narrow scope of clinical measures, healthcare outcomes improved (Hart-Hester et al. 2008, n. p. ). Here the QM team must work closely with the healthcare provider to ensure that the proper treatment data is being collected to support P4P requirements thus ensuring a quality score. An interesting point with regard to P4P as discussed by Conrad and Perry (2009) is that outcome based incentives are overshadowed by process based incentives since the provider has more control over the processes; therefore, the incentive is frequently strengthened by adding in a measure of outcome that is expansive enough to cover patient risk factors such that the blended quality measure will overcome the healthcare provider’s inclination to â€Å"treat to the test. † They also state that there is little evidence that supports whether incentives are a more effective measure in improving quality over the use of penalties (p.360). In one study of a Massachusetts healthcare provider, Conrad and Perry stated that process improvement was shown for diabetic care where there was a combination of rewards and withholds (penalties), but there was no way to establish which caused the improvement (p. 362). As an example of how the QM program would work, the following will discuss how empirical quality measures would impact reimbursements for the health care organization by utilizing data standards from the Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Texas Bridges (BCBSTX) to Excellence Diabetes Care Program. As can be seen in the chart below, specific empirical data must be gathered either by the healthcare provider or a metrics collector from the QM team and then forwarded to BCBSTX to qualify for financial rewards. The data must also be submitted to any one of four Performance Assessment Organizations (Health Care Incentives Improvement Group, IPRO, National Committee on Quality Assurance, and American Board of Internal Medicine) in order to become a Recognized Physician or Organization (Blue Cross Blue Shield of Texas, n.d. n. p. ). It should be noted that BCBSTX uses a combination of outcome based incentives as well as process based incentives to establish quality care. Clinical Measures Threshold Minimum Criteria Maximum Points Poor Control Measures HbA1c Control 9. 0 27. 5% of pts in sample 15 Blood Pressure Control 140/90 40% of pts in sample 15 LDL Control 130mg/dl 40% of pts in sample 10 Superior Control Measures HbA1c Superior Control 1 7. 0 40% of pts in sample 5 HbA1c Superior Control 2 8. 0 40% of pts in sample 5 Blood Pressure Superior Control 130/80 30% of pts in sample 10 LDL Superior Control 100mg/dl 35% of pts in sample 10 Process Measures Ophthalmologic Exam N/A N/A 10 Nephropathy Exam N/A N/A 5 Podiatry Exam N/A N/A 5 Smoking Status and Cessation Advice and Treatment N/A N/A 10 Total Points 100 Percentage of Total Points Needed to Achieve Recognition 60 As long as the health care provider maintains patients within the applicablesample percentage and has an overall percent of 60 or higher, financial rewards and recognition will be obtained for the quality care. Quality Management is not the only instrument that should be in a health care organization’s tool box to improve quality care and support continuous improvement. Lean, Six Sigma, Key Performance Indicators, Return on Investment and Benefit-Cost Analysis are all additional tools that need to be utilized to improve healthcare. All of these can assist a healthcare organization in finding the specific data needed to support not only the requirements of ACA but help with internal issues of quality improvement. Quality Management, however, should be the governing approach in using these tools. Success in this endeavor requires the commitment of all employees to see quality as a way of life. In a healthcare organization this commitment should be easier than in most other organizations since the personnel already have a commitment to make people’s lives better through medical treatment. An important fact here is that information flow must be two-way, with information flowing down on big picture issues and the day to day workforce providing input up the chain of organization on how to do things better, for they are the ones that are in the trenches and already know what works and what does not. Yes, there are always better and more efficient ways to provide medical treatment, but what works in New York City might not work in Austin for a variety of reasons. More and more healthcare organizations are moving to P4P and not just because of ACA. The California P4P program, was established in 2003 and â€Å"remains the largest in terms of dollars distributed and while clinical quality metrics have improved by an average of 3 percent annually patient satisfaction surveys have stagnated† (Altarum Institute, 2011, p. 13). It is therefore incumbent on healthcare organizations to be proactive and incorporate a distinct QM organization that crosses all department lines and works closely with each sub unit to ensure that both quality care and quality improvement are addressed and measured accurately relying heavily on sound empirical data.

Compare and Contrast the Shall I compare thee to a summers day and Sonnet 130 Essay Example For Students

Compare and Contrast the Shall I compare thee to a summers day and Sonnet 130 Essay This essay is based on two sonnets, Shall I compare thee to a summers day and Sonnet 130, both of which are written by William Shakespeare. Although the poems are different to each other, they both come across as having the same meaning. Shall I compare thee to a summers day is a traditional, romantic love poem of the seventeenth century. The purpose behind the poem is to flatter women. In the poem, Shakespeare compares his love to a summers day. The way he does this is by highlighting all the negative points about summer and saying that she is much better. He beguiles her into thinking that in comparison to a day of summer she is much more extravagant. On the other hand Sonnet 130 contradicts this poem. In Sonnet 130 Shakespeare mentions all the bad points about his mistress in comparison with the small beauties in the world. This may sound as though he is unromantic towards his mistress, but he says that despite his mistress not being perfect, he still loves her as she is rare. In this poem he is very critical towards other sonnets, for being over exaggerated and unrealistic to flatter women, as he feels it doesnt do women any justice. The irony about this is that, Shall I compare thee is written by Shakespeare in a traditional form as well as Sonnet 130but this is written to exploit poets, who misguide women into believing they are love goddesses, but Shall I compare thee does exactly this, so in a way Shakespeare contradicts himself. The poem Shall I compare thee poses with the question, Shall I compare thee to a summers day? , this opening line gives the impression that the author is going to compare his love to all the beauties of summers day, but instead it follows on to say that she is more lovely and more temperate than a summery day, as a summery day has so many faults. He goes onto explain how at the start of summer the winds are rough and that they shake The darling buds of May and he complains about the short, allocated time for summer. He also argues about how at times, the eye of heaven shines with too much heat, and how often its gold complexion is dimmd. This metaphor and personification about the sun being the eye of heaven and having a gold complexion tries to represent, that although it is beautiful and has a big status, it is still not perfect. It may be fair, but sooner or later beauty fades and dies because of natures changing course. He says that his eternal summer will never fade by giving her an immortal life through making sure that she is remembered through this poem as the perfect beautiful summers day. She cannot lose possession of her beauty and that death cannot even bring, his wanderst in his shade, as she is immortal. He completes the sonnet by coming to a conclusion that so long lives this it gives life to thee. He says that so long as men can breath, or eyes can see which is forever, his love will be loving in this poem as the most beautiful and eternal lady. He can come to terms with all the things in life to end but he will not let his love be forgotten. As this poem was written in pre sixteenth century it would have been very romantic and flattering for a woman, at that time as traditional poetry like this was very common. Whereas now many women would find this poem to be rather dramatic and unreal, as he over exaggerates the negative sides to nature compared to his love. Throughout the poem it seems as though his love may be dead as he speaks about her a though she is a memory. On the other hand, Sonnet 130 criticises poems such as Shall I .. as it mentions right at the start that his, mistresss eyes are nothing like the sun, implying the fact that the sun is beautiful but the eyes of his love are not. The sun is usually used to represent beauty, light and radiance by most poets like in Shall I it is described as the eye of heaven, but in this poem Shakespeare says that his mistress eyes have none of these qualities. The sun can be used to be symbolic as all the world revolves around the sun but the world does not revolve around his mistress as she is an average normal person. He highlights the fairytale image of women that most people have such as red lips , black hair, a white complexion and uses them to describe his mistress to be the opposite of all these and look unattractive. He describes coral to be redder than her lips, her breasts to be dun (a muddy, grey colour) in comparison to white snow. Many other poets would use flowers like coral to describe their women to be precious or talk about their breast with great admiration, but Shakespeare criticises them. This shows that Shakespeare is not like most men who try to flatter women, or describe them to be beautiful. He talks about having seen Roses damasked red and white, this may have a connotation to it: as damasked is a type of rose but it could also mean that he has seen red and white roses be unveiled. In What Ways Does Philip Larkin EssayOne of the most significant comparisons between the two poems is the mentioning of the sun. Shall I compare thee highlights the bad points of the sun, such as; how it lets out intense heat. The poem does not refer to the Sun by its name; instead it is metaphorically described as the eye of heaven. It gives the sun an important position by giving this particular description. In Sonnet 130 it gives importance to the sun my mistress eyes are nothing like the sun indirectly implying that the sun is beautiful, radiant and full of life whereas his mistress eyes have none of these qualities. Both of the poems give a reference to the sun, showing its importance. The two poems use the significance of the sun in different ways, to compare or contrast it with the ladies they love. The poem Sonnet 130 gives a direct opinion that not all women are goddesses and that the mistress that the poem talks about is no goddess as when she walks, she treads on the ground. He is trying to be humorous about how other poets describe the ladies that they love to be goddesses, when in actual fact no one knows what goddesses look like or even if they exist. However, Shall I compare thee indirectly mentions all the qualities of a goddess to be in the lady he loves, assuming that he knows what a goddess is like. The lady appears to be a goddess as she appears to have supernatural qualities. This is perceived through the poets description of the lady being better, in equivalence to things like nature and also through the belief of the poet that his love is immortal and eternally living that even death cant affect her. The two poems can be compared in terms of their structure, concepts and the way they convey their message to the reader. The sonnets do differ quite a bit, through the approaches that are used by Shakespeare. The poems can be contrasted through the techniques that Shakespeare has used in each poem, for example, in Shall I compare thee Shakespeare uses literacy techniques, like personification and metaphorical speech when he describes the Sun, eye of heaven gold complexion. Whereas in Sonnet 130 Shakespeare prefers to use similes to compare his love to other luxuries and not once does he use metaphorical speech or personification. Shall I compare thee uses literacy techniques to beguile his love into believing his false promises. However, Sonnet 130 uses literacy devices, to destroy these false promises that other poets make. Shakespeare uses the technique of being pedantic and humorous to a great effect in Sonnet 130. The purposes of both poems are the same; to convince the ladies mentioned, that they are very special. The way they do this is very different though, Shakespeare has written Shall I compare thee to be seriously convincing and romantic. Whereas, he has written Sonnet 130 to be more humorous and critical rather than serious and romantic. Shall I compare thee is over exaggerated and quite unrealistic, due to the supernatural element of the women that is used. However, Sonnet 130 is much more realistic and convincing than Shall I compare thee as it eliminates all these false images of women from peoples mind and introduces the idea that you do not need to be beautiful to be loved. The two poems contain sentences that play on our senses. Shall I compare thee concentrates on the senses of seeing and touching, inds shake darling buds of May. However Sonnet 130 uses a wider range as it uses the senses; seeing, smelling and hearing, music hath a far more pleasing sound. Out of the two poems I most enjoyed Sonnet 130. This is because I found Shall I to be typically romantic and quite old fashioned, as I thought it was over exaggerated and too serious. However, I found Sonnet 130 to be extremely enjoyable. This is because it was very humorous and sarcastic and I though it was quite a unique love poem compared to others that I have studied. I think that it would really appeal to a young, modern female audience due to its criticism of poets stereotyped image of women. Along with being humorous it is also very romantic as it basically sends the message that no matter how a person looks on the outside it is what they are like on the inside that makes them special. It also shows that being unique does not mean that you have to be beautiful its just your inner qualities that make you beautiful; these sorts of messages that are sent through the poem are very romantic. Shall I is a poem that sort of indoctrinates women, into thinking that they are better than natural beauties, but it is well known that this is being quite untrue. It is being unfaithful to women by making all these false promises. Both of the poems are very effective in different ways due to the literal devices that are used by Shakespeare. These two sonnets are a perfect example of Shakespeares versatility in writing love poems but with totally different approaches.

Personal Growth from Teaching Practice free essay sample

Our university is one of the few educational foundations in Egypt which focuses mainly on improving the abilities and skills of students and preparing them properly for the real life. t was successful to achieve its aim through the liberal educational system which it offers to its students and the practicality in the courses which is taught in the university. The linguistics course as well as any other course in the university contains a practical part; however, the practical part is the main part of the course. Therefore, we were able to gain the real life experience by teaching the workers. This course has enhanced a lot my traits as it gave me more self confidence, better presentation skills and sense of responsibility. Therefore, this course benefited me with desirable traits for teaching the workers and altered my perception of myself and the society. Patientce and being able to communicate effectively with others are two essential personal strengths acquired through taking this course. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Growth from Teaching Practice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These traits are important for teaching the workers and for the real life situations. Patience in teaching is believed to be accepting to repeat the explanation again and again without being bored and waiting for the answers from your students without saying the answers. I was taught to be more patient to be a good teacher. For instance, at the beginning of my teaching classes I was not used to wait for the answers from my students and I used to answer them; however, when the professor asked me to wait for thirty second, it worked and the student was able to answer. So by being more patient, the student has better opportunity to answer the questions and comprehend the information explained better by repeating. Consequently he gained more self confidence and was motivated to interact more in class. hen, being able to communicate effectively is another important personal strength which I recognized and improved it through this course. Through the course, I was taught that people have different styles of learning as there are the visual, the audio and the kenthastic learners. Therefore to communicate the information successfully I used to take in consideration the different types of learners. Also, the methods of communicating and correcting the error t o the students which I learnt in the course were effective and decrease the students repetition of errors. For instance, when my student makes an error and I know that he know the right thing I gave him the opportunity to correct himself. Therefore, he knew his error and seldom repeat it. I became more patient and better in communication skills through this course which affected my interaction with the workers. Then, taking this course has an effective role in altering my perception of myself and the society which I live in. through my experience in this course I recognized that I can be more self confident, make a change and be a good responsible person. First,I became more self confident of myself and what I can achieve. In other words, when I see the development of my students in learning English language and using it, I have become more confident of myself as a good teacher and a person with good communication skills. Second, I realized that I can make a change to my society by doing community work as that of teaching the workers. When I observe the progress of the workers in leaning and using English, I became more believed in my ability to make a change in the society. Finally, I realized that I can be a successful responsible person. I often come late to my classes and my appointments but, as I became responsible of the workers, I usually come to the teaching classes on time. Furthermore, I tried to do my best in teaching them as they are on my responsibility. For instance, I created extra exercises and I gave them extra classes so as I will be able to finish all of the material properly. Not only did the course made me discover new characteristics of me; however it changed to somehow my perception of the society. In other words, before dealing with the workers, I though that the people are the reason for what they achieve of social status or education according to the effort which they exert. However, after teaching the workers and realizing how much some of them are motivated to learn and know, I changed my opinion. I then now believe that sometimes the circumstances which the person lives in become the reason of what he or she achieves not only the effort exerted. Therefore, teaching the workers changed the view of my self and the society. To conclude, Teaching new skills and abilities essential for life challenges should be the ultimate goal of education. By taking this course, I was taught new skills and abilities. Also, I recognized personal strengths; such as patience and being able to communicate effectively with others which were beneficial in interacting with the workers. Moreover, some of the beliefs about myself and the society were changed from the experience of teaching the workers. I am looking forward to seeing the Egyptian governmental education providing the students not only with knowledge, but also with crucial characteristics required for life challenges.

GRE Essay Sample - Find Out How to Prepare For Your Paper

GRE Essay Sample - Find Out How to Prepare For Your PaperThe GRE essay sample contains basic instructions on how to write an essay. However, you have to be able to analyze the information that it contains and use it as a basis for your own writing style.One of the best features of this sample is that it is divided into several sections which contain easy to understand and follow instructions. There are some basic things that you need to remember in order to improve your essay. Once you follow these simple guidelines, you can easily come up with a good and well-written essay.In the GRE essay sample, there are sections for grammar, organization, spelling, and punctuation. You have to remember that all these tips and techniques will be essential to your ability to complete your assignment successfully. This is because the factors are not only important but also necessary when it comes to writing a good essay. Some people use examples from everyday life in order to enhance their essay wh ile others use real life incidents.With the GRE essay sample, you can find some tips and techniques that you can use in order to successfully complete your essay. The various topics include grammar, organization, presentation, and content. By knowing these tips, you will be able to come up with a well-written essay that you will not only be proud of but also be able to present to your instructors.The essay sample also includes some tips on how to organize your essay. Here, you will learn that the organization of the essay is very important. You should make sure that you format your essay in such a way that it is easy to read. Here, you will also learn that you can organize the essays in different parts, in order to make it easier to read.However, one of the first tips that you will learn is that you need to avoid using any grammatical errors when it comes to writing your essay. The reason for this is that grammar and proper usage are important because they will determine how you are viewed by your instructor. You should know that you need to write a grammatically correct essay because if you do, you will get a perfect score. On the other hand, you need to avoid using improper or poor grammar so that you can receive a low score.You should also know that the essay is not just made of writing. In fact, it involves more than this. You should know that the essays that you will present to your instructor include factual statements, logical statements, and relevant material. This is why you should not just be focused on the writing part of the essay but rather you should be ready to prepare the materials and have them organized in order to achieve the best result.Finally, the GRE essay sample has great tips on how to prepare for your essay. You should know that the organization of the topics that you will present to your instructor is just one of the important things that you need to prepare for. However, the other parts of the essay like the proper spelling and gram matical errors should be taken care of because they are just as important.

Auguste Comte and His Role in the History of Sociology

Auguste Comte and His Role in the History of Sociology Auguste Comte was born on January 20, 1798  (according to the Revolutionary calendar then used in France), in Montpellier, France. He was a philosopher who is also considered to be the father of sociology, the study of the  development and function of human society, and of positivism, a means of using scientific evidence to discern causes for human behavior. Early Life and Education Auguste Comte was born in Montpellier, France. After attending the Lycà ©e Joffre and then the University of Montpellier, he  was admitted to the École Polytechnique in Paris. The École closed in 1816, at which time Comte took up permanent residence in Paris, earning a precarious living there by teaching mathematics and journalism. He read widely in philosophy and history and was especially interested in those thinkers who were beginning to discern and trace some order in the history of human society. System of Positive Philosophy Comte lived during one of the most turbulent periods in European history. As a philosopher, therefore, his aim was not only to understand human society but to prescribed a system by which we could make order out of the chaos, and thus change society for the better. He eventually developed what he called a system of positive philosophy, in which logic and mathematics, combined with sensory experience, could better assist in understanding human relationships and action, in the same way that the scientific method  had allowed an understanding of the natural world. In 1826, Comte began a series of lectures on his system of positive philosophy for a private audience, but he soon suffered a serious nervous breakdown. He was hospitalized and later recovered with the help of his wife, Caroline Massin, whom he married in 1824. He resumed teaching the course in January 1829, marking the beginning of the second period in Comtes life that lasted 13 years. During this time he published the six volumes of his Course on Positive Philosophy  between 1830 and 1842. From 1832 to 1842, Comte was a tutor and then an examiner at the revived École Polytechnique. After quarreling with the directors of the school, he lost his post. During the remainder of his life, he was supported by English admirers and French disciples. Additional Contributions to Sociology Though Comte did not originate the concept of sociology or its area of study, he is credited with coining the term and he greatly extended and elaborated the field. Comte divided sociology into two main fields, or branches: social statics, or the study of the forces that hold society together; and social dynamics, or the study of the causes of ​social change.   By using certain tenets of physics, chemistry, and biology, Comte extrapolated what he considered to be a few irrefutable facts about society, namely that since the growth of the human mind progresses in stages, so too must societies. He claimed the history of society could be divided into three different stages: theological, metaphysical, and positive, otherwise known as the Law of Three Stages. The theological stage reveals humankinds superstitious nature, one that ascribes supernatural causes to the workings of the world. The metaphysical stage is an interim stage in which humanity begins to shed its superstitious nature. The final and most evolved stage is reached when human beings finally realize that natural phenomena and world events can be explained through reason and science. Secular Religion Comte separated from his wife in 1842, and in 1845 he began a relationship with Clotilde de Vaux, whom he idolized. She served as the inspiration for his Religion of Humanity, a secular creed intended for the veneration not of God but of humankind, or what Comte called the New Supreme Being.  According to Tony Davies, who has written extensively on the history of humanism, Comtes new religion was a  complete system of belief and ritual, with liturgy and sacraments, priesthood and pontiff, all organized around the public veneration of Humanity. De Vaux died only a year into their affair, and after her death, Comte devoted himself to writing another major work, the four-volume System of Positive Polity, in which he completed his formulation of sociology. Major Publications The Course on Positive Philosophy (1830-1842)Discourse on the Positive Spirit (1844)A General View of Positivism (1848)Religion of Humanity (1856) Death Auguste Comte died in Paris on September 5, 1857, from stomach cancer. He is buried in the famous Pere Lachaise Cemetery, next to his mother and Clotilde de Vaux.

Refusal for a Future Life-Sustaining Treatment Essay

Refusal for a Future Life-Sustaining Treatment - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that HD is hereditary and incurable. Affected patients experience irreversible dementia leading to fatality. The only thing that they can do for now is to avail for genetic counseling to ease their level of discomfort and anxiety. John is a lawyer in his 30’s. Several months ago, he noticed rapid movements twitching in his face. John then went to two neurologists and found out that he has Huntington’s disease. John’s mother died from that disease. He knows that he has ten years or so to live. The issue in John’s case is whether or not it is ethical, upon paralysis, to refuse future life-sustaining treatment. Whether or not John is in his right mind is also an issue here. Huntington’s disease affects the patient’s cognitive abilities. Despite the symptoms he unbearably experienced, John remains to be a productive lawyer. His productive work only shows that he is in his right mind. Moreover, John wrote a note before ingesting all his antidepressant medicine. Writing a note that states a clear message implies that the writer knows what he is doing. John, to my mind, is unquestionably competent in deciding what is good for him. His concept of good lies not in his biological good but rather in his perception of good. To die without life-sustaining treatment is what constitute good for John. This paper declares that John’s psychiatrist refused to help him commit suicide. Well, that’s what psychiatrist is paid for: to help their patients live a normal life. At this point, one might challenge the credibility of John’s right mind. I would still say that John was in his right mind when he spoke those words. The fact that John reassured his psychiatrist that he do not have plans to commit suicide â€Å"any time soon† implies that he consciously knows what he is saying. John’s case is comparable to cases concerning physician-assisted suicide or PAS. First, John has an incurable disease. Second, he expressed his refusal for a potential life-sustaining treatment.

American War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American War - Essay Example The people of South Korea were under extreme scrutiny by North Korea with numerous cases of violations of human rights. The United States used the Just War Theory to explain their reason for entering the conflict. The United States intervened in order to prevent the flow of Communism (that was commonly associated with human oppression) along with the defense of South Korea and their people. Due to the United States’ intervention, the people of South Korea experienced a decrease in human rights violations and their quality of life increased. The United States also exemplified their theory of humane treatment with their actions towards prisoners of war by treating them fairly. However, some critics believe that the United States used the Just War Theory to mask the main reason why they became involved: to grow as an imperialist power. This may be true but fortunately, the efforts of the United States did positively affect the people of South